scholarly journals Ice and AIS: ship speed data and sea ice forecasts in the Baltic Sea

2014 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 2409-2418 ◽  
Author(s):  
U. Löptien ◽  
L. Axell
Keyword(s):  
Sea Ice ◽  
Baltic Sea ◽  
Automatic Identification ◽  
Identification System ◽  
Random Component ◽  
The Baltic Sea ◽  
Mixed Effect ◽  
Ice Conditions ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
Ship Speed

Abstract. The Baltic Sea is a seasonally ice-covered marginal sea located in a densely populated area in northern Europe. Severe sea ice conditions have the potential to hinder the intense ship traffic considerably. Thus, sea ice fore- and nowcasts are regularly provided by the national weather services. Typically, the forecast comprises several ice properties that are distributed as prognostic variables, but their actual usefulness is difficult to measure, and the ship captains must determine their relative importance and relevance for optimal ship speed and safety ad hoc. The present study provides a more objective approach by comparing the ship speeds, obtained by the automatic identification system (AIS), with the respective forecasted ice conditions. We find that, despite an unavoidable random component, this information is useful to constrain and rate fore- and nowcasts. More precisely, 62–67% of ship speed variations can be explained by the forecasted ice properties when fitting a mixed-effect model. This statistical fit is based on a test region in the Bothnian Sea during the severe winter 2011 and employs 15 to 25 min averages of ship speed.

scholarly journals Ice and AIS: ship speed data and sea ice forecasts in the Baltic Sea

2014 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 3811-3828
Author(s):  
U. Löptien ◽  
L. Axell
Keyword(s):  
Sea Ice ◽  
Baltic Sea ◽  
Automatic Identification ◽  
Identification System ◽  
Random Component ◽  
The Baltic Sea ◽  
Mixed Effect ◽  
Ice Conditions ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
Ship Speed

Abstract. The Baltic Sea is a seasonally ice covered marginal sea located in a densely populated area in northern Europe. Severe sea ice conditions have the potential to hinder the intense ship traffic considerably. Thus, sea ice fore- and nowcasts are regularly provided by the national weather services. Typically, several ice properties are allocated, but their actual usefulness is difficult to measure and the ship captains must determine their relative importance and relevance for optimal ship speed and safety ad hoc. The present study provides a more objective approach by comparing the ship speeds, obtained by the Automatic Identification System (AIS), with the respective forecasted ice conditions. We find that, despite an unavoidable random component, this information is useful to constrain and rate fore- and nowcasts. More precisely, 62–67% of ship speed variations can be explained by the forecasted ice properties when fitting a mixed effect model. This statistical fit is based on a test region in the Bothnian Bay during the severe winter 2011 and employes 15 to 25 min averages of ship speed.

scholarly journals A modelling system for the exhaust emissions of marine traffic and its application in the Baltic Sea area

2009 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 15339-15373 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.-P. Jalkanen ◽  
A. Brink ◽  
J. Kalli ◽  
H. Pettersson ◽  
J. Kukkonen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Baltic Sea ◽  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Exhaust Emissions ◽  
Automatic Identification ◽  
Identification System ◽  
The Baltic Sea ◽  
Support Tool ◽  
Marine Traffic ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
Modelling System

Abstract. A method is presented for the evaluation of the exhaust emissions of marine traffic, based on the messages provided by the Automatic Identification System (AIS), which enable the identification and location determination of ships. The use of the AIS data enables the positioning of ship emissions with a high spatial resolution, which is limited only by the inaccuracies of the Global Positioning System (typically a few metres) that is used in vessel navigation. The emissions are computed based on the relationship of the instantaneous speed to the design speed, and these computations also take into account the detailed technical information of the ships' engines. The modelling of emissions is also based on a few basic equations of ship design, including the modelling of the propelling power of each vessel in terms of its speed. We have also investigated the effect of waves on the consumption of fuel, and on the emissions to the atmosphere. The predictions of fuel consumption were compared with the actual values obtained from the shipowners. For a RoPax vessel, the predicted and reported values of fuel consumption agreed within an accuracy of 6%. According to the data analysis and model computations, the emissions of NOx, SOx and CO2 originating from ships in the Baltic Sea in 2007 were in total 400 kt, 138 kt and 19 Mt, respectively. A breakdown of emissions by flag state, ship's type and year of construction is also presented. The modelling system can be used as a decision support tool in the case of issues concerning, e.g., health effects caused by shipping emissions, the construction of emission-based fairway dues systems or emissions trading. The computation of emissions can also be automated, which will save resources in constructing emission inventories. Both the methodologies and the emission computation program can be applied in any sea region in the world, provided that the AIS data from that specific region are available.

scholarly journals Numerical Simulations of Sea Ice Conditions in the Baltic Sea for 2010–2016 Winters Using the 3D CEMBS Model

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 35-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maciej Janecki ◽  
Artur Nowicki ◽  
Alicja Kańska ◽  
Maria Golenko ◽  
Lidia Dzierzbicka-Głowacka
Keyword(s):  
Sea Ice ◽  
Baltic Sea ◽  
Ecosystem Model ◽  
Ice Thickness ◽  
The Baltic Sea ◽  
Current State ◽  
Ice Concentration ◽  
Ice Conditions ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
Modelling Approach

Abstract Sea ice conditions in the Baltic Sea during six latest winters – 2010/2011 to 2015/2016 are analysed using coupled ice–ocean numerical model 3D CEMBS (3D Coupled Ecosystem Model of the Baltic Sea). Simulation results are compared with observations from monitoring stations, ice charts and satellite data. High correlation between model results and observations has been confirmed both in terms of spatial and temporal approach. The analysed period has a high interannual variability of ice extent, the number of ice days and ice thickness. Increasing number of relatively mild winters in the Northern Europe directly associated with climate change results in reduced ice concentration in the Baltic Sea. In this perspective, the implementation and development of the sea ice modelling approach (in addition to standard monitoring techniques) is critical to assess current state of the Baltic Sea environment and predict possible climate related changes in the ecosystem and their influence for human marine–related activities, such as fishery or transportation.

scholarly journals Assessment of AIS Vessel Position Report Under the Aspect of Data Reliability

2012 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paweł Banyś ◽  
Thoralf Noack ◽  
Stefan Gewies
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Baltic Sea ◽  
Traffic Management ◽  
Automatic Identification ◽  
Identification System ◽  
Detailed Data ◽  
Data Reliability ◽  
The Baltic Sea ◽  
Data Set ◽  
The Baltic

Abstract Since its introduction the Automatic Identification System (AIS) has played an important part in improving safety at sea, making bridge watchkeeping duties more comfortable and enhancing vessel traffic management ashore. However the analysis of a AIS data set describing the vessel traffic of the Baltic Sea came to conclusion, that specific parameters with relevance to navigation seemed to be defective or implausible. Essentially, it concerned the true heading (THDG) and the rate of turn (ROT) parameters. With the paper we are trying to clarify, which parameters of the AIS position report and to what extent, are affected. The detailed data analysis gives answers on how reliable the AIS data in different traffic areas is.

The recent history of Finnish winter navigation in the Baltic Sea

Polar Record ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Élise Lépy
Keyword(s):  
Sea Ice ◽  
Baltic Sea ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Open Water ◽  
Maritime Transportation ◽  
The Baltic Sea ◽  
Passenger Transportation ◽  
Hanseatic League ◽  
Ice Conditions ◽  
The Baltic

ABSTRACTThe Baltic Sea is one of the major maritime highway. During the middle ages, many of its southern ports belonged to the Hanseatic League. Since then, maritime traffic in the Baltic Sea has grown, having its trading activities internationalised through the diffusion of new shipping technologies. In 2007, the volume of cargo handled in Baltic ports was approximately 850 million tons. Moreover, the Baltic has an excellent network for passenger transportation: approximately 30 million people travel every year by ferry.Nowadays, its winter traffic represents about one quarter of the annual traffic. Nevertheless winter navigation is relatively recent in the extremities of the gulfs of Bothnia and Finland. Indeed, at the beginning of maritime transportation, the activity was seasonal and occurred only in open water, threatening to stop completely in winter due to sea ice formation. But for over a century, the evolution of materials and shipping techniques has allowed continuous maritime navigation. Despite the fact that sea ice conditions require the assistance of icebreakers, adapted port infrastructures, the introduction of ice classes and winter restrictions to the navigation, harsh winter conditions inevitably induce an increase in maritime incidents. There is the question of the future of winter navigation in the context of global warming and a possible significant reduction of sea ice.

scholarly journals A modelling system for the exhaust emissions of marine traffic and its application in the Baltic Sea area

2009 ◽  
Vol 9 (23) ◽  
pp. 9209-9223 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.-P. Jalkanen ◽  
A. Brink ◽  
J. Kalli ◽  
H. Pettersson ◽  
J. Kukkonen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Baltic Sea ◽  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Exhaust Emissions ◽  
Automatic Identification ◽  
Identification System ◽  
The Baltic Sea ◽  
Support Tool ◽  
Marine Traffic ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
Modelling System

Abstract. A method is presented for the evaluation of the exhaust emissions of marine traffic, based on the messages provided by the Automatic Identification System (AIS), which enable the identification and location determination of ships. The use of the AIS data facilitates the positioning of ship emissions with a high spatial resolution, which is limited only by the inaccuracies of the Global Positioning System (typically a few metres) that is used in vessel navigation. The emissions are computed based on the relationship of the instantaneous speed to the design speed, and the detailed technical information of the engines of the ships. The modelling of emissions is also based on a few basic principles of ship design, including the modelling of the propelling power of each vessel in terms of its speed. We have investigated the effect of waves on the consumption of fuel, and on the emissions to the atmosphere. The predictions of fuel consumption were compared with the actual values obtained from the shipowners. For a Roll on – Roll off cargo/passenger ship (RoPax), the predicted and reported values of annual fuel consumption agreed within an accuracy of 6%. According to the data analysis and model computations, the emissions of NOx, SOx and CO2 originating from ships in the Baltic Sea during the full calendar year of 2007 were in total 400 kt, 138 kt and 19 Mt, respectively. A breakdown of emissions by flag state, the type of ship and the year of construction is also presented. The modelling system can be used as a decision support tool in the case of issues concerning, e.g., the health effects caused by shipping emissions or the construction of emission-based fairway dues systems or emissions trading. The computation of emissions can be automated, which will save resources in constructing emission inventories. Both the methodologies and the emission computation program can be applied in any sea region in the world, provided that the AIS data from that specific region are available.

scholarly journals Operational SAR-based sea ice drift monitoring over the Baltic Sea

Ocean Science ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 473-483 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Karvonen
Keyword(s):  
Sea Ice ◽  
Baltic Sea ◽  
Vector Fields ◽  
Phase Correlation ◽  
The Baltic Sea ◽  
Sar Images ◽  
Envisat Asar ◽  
Ice Drift ◽  
Sea Ice Drift ◽  
The Baltic

Abstract. An algorithm for computing ice drift from pairs of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images covering a common area has been developed at FMI. The algorithm has been developed based on the C-band SAR data over the Baltic Sea. It is based on phase correlation in two scales (coarse and fine) with some additional constraints. The algorithm has been running operationally in the Baltic Sea from the beginning of 2011, using Radarsat-1 ScanSAR wide mode and Envisat ASAR wide swath mode data. The resulting ice drift fields are publicly available as part of the MyOcean EC project. The SAR-based ice drift vectors have been compared to the drift vectors from drifter buoys in the Baltic Sea during the first operational season, and also these validation results are shown in this paper. Also some navigationally useful sea ice quantities, which can be derived from ice drift vector fields, are presented.

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