scholarly journals Optimization of Deviated and Horizontal Wells Trajectories and Profiles in Rumaila Oilfield

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 36-53
Author(s):  
Hussein Saeed Almalikee ◽  
Fahad M. Al-Najm
Keyword(s):  
Horizontal Wells ◽  
Wellbore Stability ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Drilling Mud ◽  
Wellbore Instability ◽  
Type Iv ◽  
Planning And Design ◽  
Horizontal Wellbore ◽  
Wellbore Failure

Directional and horizontal wellbore profiles and optimization of trajectory to minimizeborehole problems are considered the most important part in well planning and design. Thisstudy introduces four types of directional and horizontal wells trajectory plans for Rumailaoilfield by selecting the suitable kick off point (KOP), build section, drop section andhorizontal profile. In addition to the optimized inclination and orientation which wasselected based on Rumaila oilfield geomechanics and wellbore stability analysis so that theoptimum trajectory could be drilled with minimum wellbore instability problems. The fourrecommended types of deviated wellbore trajectories include: Type I (also called Build andHold Trajectory or L shape) which target shallow to medium reservoirs with lowinclination (20o) and less than 500m step out, Type II (S shape) that can be used topenetrate far off reservoir vertically, Type III (also called Deep Kick off wells or J shape)these wells are similar to the L shape profile except the kickoff point is at a deeper depth,and design to reach far-off targets (>500m step out) with more than 30o inclination, andfinally Type IV (horizontal) that penetrates the reservoir horizontally at 90o. The study alsorecommended the suitable drilling mud density that can control wellbore failure for the fourtypes of wellbore trajectory.

Labelling of non-A, non-B hepatitis infected chimpanzee hepatocytes with nuclease-gold conjugates

1984 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
pp. 250-251
Author(s):  
G. D. Gagne ◽  
M. F. Miller ◽  
D. A. Peterson
Keyword(s):  
Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Experimental Infection ◽  
Uranyl Acetate ◽  
Type I ◽  
Cellular Injury ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Tubular Structures ◽  
Type Iii ◽  
Type Iv ◽  
Infected Chimpanzee

Experimental infection of chimpanzees with non-A, non-B hepatitis (NANB) or with delta agent hepatitis results in the appearance of characteristic cytoplasmic alterations in the hepatocytes. These alterations include spongelike inclusions (Type I), attached convoluted membranes (Type II), tubular structures (Type III), and microtubular aggregates (Type IV) (Fig. 1). Type I, II and III structures are, by association, believed to be derived from endoplasmic reticulum and may be morphogenetically related. Type IV structures are generally observed free in the cytoplasm but sometimes in the vicinity of type III structures. It is not known whether these structures are somehow involved in the replication and/or assembly of the putative NANB virus or whether they are simply nonspecific responses to cellular injury. When treated with uranyl acetate, type I, II and III structures stain intensely as if they might contain nucleic acids. If these structures do correspond to intermediates in the replication of a virus, one might expect them to contain DNA or RNA and the present study was undertaken to explore this possibility.

scholarly journals Brachial supporting structure of Spiriferida (Brachiopoda)

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Zhiwei Yuan ◽  
Wen Guo ◽  
Dan Lyu ◽  
Yuanlin Sun
Keyword(s):  
Mantle Cavity ◽  
Family Type ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Feeding Apparatus ◽  
Single Family ◽  
Supporting Structure ◽  
Type Iii ◽  
Type Iv ◽  
Evolutionary Lineages

Abstract The filter-feeding organ of some extinct brachiopods is supported by a skeletal apparatus called the brachidium. Although relatively well studied in Atrypida and Athyridida, the brachidial morphology is usually neglected in Spiriferida. To investigate the variations of brachidial morphology in Spiriferida, 65 species belonging to eight superfamilies were analyzed. Based on the presence/absence of the jugal processes and normal/modified primary lamellae of the spiralia, four types of brachidium are recognized. Type-I (with jugal processes) and Type-II (without jugal processes), both having normal primary lamellae, could give rise to each other by losing/re-evolving the jugal processes. Type-III, without jugal processes, originated from Type-II through evolution of the modified lateral-convex primary lamellae, and it subsequently gave rise to Type-IV by evolving the modified medial-convex primary lamellae. The evolution of brachidia within individual evolutionary lineages must be clarified because two or more types can be present within a single family. Type-III and Type-IV are closely associated with the prolongation of the crura, representing innovative modifications of the feeding apparatus in response to possible shift in the position of the mouth towards the anterior, allowing for more efficient feeding on particles entering the mantle cavity from the anterior gape. Meanwhile, the modified primary lamellae adjusted/regulated the feeding currents. The absence of spires in some taxa with Type-IV brachidium might suggest that they developed a similar lophophore to that in some extant brachiopods, which can extend out of the shell.

Response properties of units in the dorsal cochlear nucleus of unanesthetized decerebrate gerbil

1996 ◽  
Vol 75 (4) ◽  
pp. 1411-1431 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. A. Davis ◽  
J. Ding ◽  
T. E. Benson ◽  
H. F. Voigt
Keyword(s):  
Dorsal Cochlear Nucleus ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Decerebrate Cat ◽  
Excitatory Response ◽  
Type Iii ◽  
Type Iv ◽  
Noise Type ◽  
Rate Versus ◽  
Excitatory Responses

1. The electrophysiological responses of single units in the dorsal cochlear nucleus of unanesthetized decerebrate Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus) were recorded. Units were classified according to the response map scheme of Evans and Nelson as modified by Young and Brownell, Young and Voigt, and Shofner and Young. Type II units have a V-shaped excitatory response map similar to typical auditory nerve tuning curves but little or no spontaneous activity (SpAc < 2.5 spikes/s) and little or no response to noise. Type I/III units also have a V-shaped excitatory map and SpAc < 2.5 spikes/s, but have an excitatory response to noise. Type III units have a V-shaped excitatory map with inhibitory sidebands, SpAc > 2.5 spikes/s, and an excitatory response to noise. Type IV-T units typically also have a V-shaped excitatory map with inhibitory sidebands, but have a highly nonmonotonic rate versus level response to best frequency (BF) tones like type IV units, SpAc > 2.5 spikes/s, and an excitatory response to noise. Type IV units have a predominantly inhibitory response map above an island of excitation of BF, SpAc > 2.5 spikes/s, and an excitatory response to noise. We present results for 133 units recorded with glass micropipette electrodes. The purpose of this study was to establish a normative response map data base in this species for ongoing structure/function and correlation studies. 2. The major types of units (type II, type I/III, type III, type IV-T, and type IV) found in decerebrate cat are found in decerebrate gerbil. However, the percentage of type II (7.5%) and type IV (11.3%) units encountered are smaller and the percentage of type III (62.4%) units is larger in decerebrate gerbil than in decerebrate cat. In comparison, Shofner and Young found 18.5% type II units, 30.6% type IV units, and 23.1% type III units using metal electrodes. 3. Two new unit subtypes are described in gerbil: type III-i and type IV-i units. Type III-i units are similar to type III units except that type III-i units are inhibited by low levels of noise and excited by high levels of noise whereas type III units have strictly excitatory responses to noise. Type IV-i units are similar to type IV units except that type IV-i units are excited by low levels of noise and become inhibited by high levels of noise whereas type IV units have strictly excitatory responses to noise. Type III-i units are approximately 30% of the type III population and type IV-i units are approximately 50% of the type IV population. 4. On the basis of the paucity of classic type II units and the reciprocal responses to broadband noise of type III-i and type IV-i units, we postulate that some gerbil type III-i units are the same cell type and have similar synaptic connections as cat type II units. 5. Type II and type I/III units are distinguished from one another on the basis of both their relative noise response, rho, and the normalized slope of the BF tone rate versus level functions beyond the first maximum. Previously, type II units were defined to be those nonspontaneously active units with rho values < 0.3 where rho is defined as the ratio of the maximum noise response minus spontaneous rate to the maximum BF tone response minus spontaneous rate. In the gerbil, the average rho value for type II units is 0.25, although a few values are > 0.3, and the rate-level curves are consistently nonmonotonic with normalized slopes steeper than than -0.007/dB. The average rho value for type I/III units is 0.54, although a few values are < 0.3, and the rate-level curves tend to saturate with slopes shallower than -0.006/dB. In general, the response properties of type II units recorded in gerbil are similar to those recorded in decerebrate cat. 6. In comparison to decerebrate cat, the lower percentage of type IV units recorded in decerebrate gerbil may be due to a species difference (a reduced number of type II units in gerbil) or an electrode bias.

scholarly journals Types of Lens Structure in Intumescent Cataract

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (2S) ◽  
pp. 153-159
Author(s):  
E. S. Pirogova ◽  
O. L. Fabrikantov ◽  
S. I. Nikolashin
Keyword(s):  
Irrigation System ◽  
Anterior Segment ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Large White ◽  
Type Iii ◽  
Associated Diseases ◽  
Type Iv ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Anatomical Parameters

Purpose: to study the structure of the swelling lens, the dependence of its anatomical parameters on the nucleus sizes and density, patients’ age.Patients and methods. 52 patients with intumescent mature cataract were examined. All patients underwent phacoemulsification with a two-stage continuous circular capsulorhexis. After the 2–2.5 mm capsulorhexis had been created, the liquid lenticular masses were removed from the anterior and posterior lens compartment with the aspiration/irrigation system. Visually we determined the size of the nucleus, its color and density according to Buratto’s classification.Results. When performing this work 4 types of the swelling lens structure were revealed. Type I — a small emerging white nucleus with large amount of liquid lenticular masses in the anterior and posterior lens compartment, II degree of density according to Buratto’s classification. The mean age was 49.09 ± 3.19 years old. The related ophthalmic diseases accounted for 36.4%. Type II — a large white nucleus with the presence of liquefied lenticular masses in the anterior and posterior lens compartment. III degree of density according to Buratto’s classification. The mean age was 71.00 ± 1.92 years old. Associated diseases — 84.6%. Type III — a large brown nucleus with the presence of liquefied lenticular masses in the anterior and posterior lens compartment. IV degree of density according to Buratto’s classification. The mean age was 75.84 ± 1.46 years old. Associated diseases — 100%. Type IV — a small, very dense, brown nucleus with liquid lenticular masses. V degree of density according to Buratto’s classification. The mean age was 77.33 ± 2.49 years old. Associated diseases — 100%.Conclusion. 4 types of lens structure in intumescent cataract were described depending on the nucleus size, density, the amount of the lenticular masses. By means of UBM method, it was shown that intumescent cataract is accompanied with the alterations of the ocular anterior segment parameters, which depend on the type of lens structure. It was revealed that the types of swelling lens structure are directly connected to the patients’ age: mean age of patients with type I — 49.09 ± 3.19 years old, with type II — 71.00 ± 1.92, with type III — 75.84 ± 1.46, with type IV — 77.33 ± 2.49 years old. 

scholarly journals Resolving ABO discrepancies by serological workup-an analysis of few cases

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 893 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arumugam P. ◽  
Swathandran Hamsavardhini ◽  
Ravishankar J.
Keyword(s):  
Type I ◽  
Red Cell ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Type Iv ◽  
Technical Errors ◽  
Blood Transfusion Service ◽  
Case Type ◽  
Medical University ◽  
Abo Blood Grouping ◽  
Blood Grouping

Background: ABO discrepancies occur whenever the results of red cell grouping and serum grouping are in disagreement. The reasons for discrepancies both clinical and technical have to be sorted out. Further analysis is essential to resolve such discrepancies. If discrepancies are encountered, the interpretation of the ABO grouping has to be delayed until the same has been resolved. The aim of the study was to resolve ABO discrepancies encountered, by serological work up.Methods: All cases of discrepant samples received between August 2014 and May 2016 at the Department of Transfusion Medicine, The Tamilnadu Dr. MGR Medical University, Chennai, India were analyzed to determine the etiology by serological workup.Results: A total of twenty-one samples were analyzed and resolved. Fifteen cases of Type IV discrepancy, two cases of Type II discrepancy, one case Type III discrepancy, one case Type I discrepancy and two cases of technical errors were identified.Conclusions: ABO discrepancies can be resolved serologically if properly worked up. As ABO blood grouping is indispensible in blood transfusion service, it is imperative to resolve such discrepancies before transfusion.

scholarly journals Relationship Between Pulmonary Hamartoma and Bronchus: Multislice Spiral Computed Tomography Findings

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ping Wang ◽  
Heng Ma ◽  
Qinglin Yang ◽  
Chengzhou Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Spiral Computed Tomography ◽  
Type I ◽  
Tumor Type ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Spiral Computed ◽  
Type Iii ◽  
Multislice Spiral Computed Tomography ◽  
Type Iv ◽  
Sign Type

Abstract Objective The aim of the present study is to investigate the relationship between pulmonary hamartomas (PHs) and bronchi on multislice spiral computed tomography (MSCT) images. Methods The MSCT scans of 218 PHs from 216 pathologically confirmed patients were reviewed. The PHs were divided into two groups, namely, the central endobronchial and intraparenchymal groups, in accordance with location. Multiplanar reconstruction was used to demonstrate PH–bronchus relationship patterns. The PH–bronchus relationships in the intraparenchymal group were classified into five patterns: type I, the bronchus was cut off by the tumor; type II, the bronchus was contained within the tumor (air bronchogram sign); type III, the bronchus ran at the tumor periphery or was compressed by the tumor; and type IV, no tumor–bronchus relationship was observed. Results Nine (4.1%) PHs were assigned to the central endobronchial group and 209 (95.9%) PHs were assigned to the intraparenchymal group. In the endobronchial group, 1 (11.1%) PH was located in the trachea with the partial stenosis of the trachea, whereas the remaining 8 (88.9%) PHs were located in the lobar or segmental bronchus with the complete occlusion of the corresponding bronchus. In the intraparenchymal group, type IV (147, 70.3%) was most common pattern, followed by type III (54, 25.8%). Type I (8, 3.8%) was rare, and type II was not observed. Conclusion Central endobronchial PHs often obstructed bronchi, whereas only a few intraparenchymal PHs cut off bronchi. No air bronchogram sign was observed.

scholarly journals Analysis of the efficacy of ozone therapy on different types of lumbar disc herniation: a new guidance is coming? [abstract]

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenan Hao ◽  
Huan Liu ◽  
Yang Yang ◽  
Qingle Zeng ◽  
Xiaofeng He
Keyword(s):  
Nucleus Pulposus ◽  
Lumbar Disc Herniation ◽  
Disc Herniation ◽  
Lumbar Disc ◽  
Ozone Treatment ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Ring Type ◽  
Type Iv ◽  
Fibre Ring

PURPOSE: To investigate the sub-types of lumbar disc herniation, compare efficacies of ozone treatment in various types of lumbar disc herniation and analyze the mechanisms. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 250 patients (159 males, 91 females; age range: 14 - 85 years) diagnosed of lumbar disc herniation from January 2009 to Jun 2014 in Nanfang Hospital were enrolled. Disc Lesions, classified by Magnetic Resonance examinations and images when injecting ozone under Digital Subtraction Angiography, were divided into four types: type I: Non-prominent nucleus pulposus with ruptured fibre ring; type II: Prominent nucleus pulposus with ruptured fibre ring; type III: Non-prominent nucleus pulposus with Non-ruptured fibre ring; type IV: Prominent nucleus pulposus with Non-ruptured fibre ring. All patients underwent intradiscal and paravertebral injection of oxygen-ozone. Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) weighted score was administered for the measurement of low back pain before treatment, and the evaluation of efficacy respectively at 1 week, 1 month, 6 month and 12 month follow-up period. RESULTS: Most of the patients (about 4/5) showed better response to ozone treatment. Herniated disc shrinkage was obtained among type II and IV. The type II had the most reduction of average score while the type III had the least. The proportion of patients who had once experienced pain relief at the follow up interval, namely the curative efficacy, showed significant difference: type I occupied the most, type IV occupied the least. CONCLUSION: Ozone treatment is effective and safe for all types of lumbar disc herniation, but efficacy varies according the types, of which type I has the best results and type IV has the worst ones.

scholarly journals Comparative Characteristics of Sensorimotor Reactions of Highly Qualified Athletes with Different Types of Heart Rate Regulation

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
pp. 456-464
Author(s):  
A. P. Romanchuk ◽  
◽  
O. V. Guzii ◽  
A. V. Maglyovanyi ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Heart Rate Variability ◽  
Type I ◽  
Sensorimotor Function ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Highly Qualified ◽  
Rate Regulation ◽  
Type Iv ◽  
Heart Rate Regulation ◽  
Different Types

The purpose of the study was a comparative analysis of sensorimotor reactions in highly trained athletes with different types of heart rate regulation. Materials and methods. 202 highly trained male athletes aged 22.6±2.8 years, who are engaged in acyclic sports – martial arts (karate, taekwondo, kickboxing, boxing, freestyle wrestling, Greco-Roman wrestling, judo, sambo) and games (water polo, soccer) were examined. The experience in sports was 10.3±3.1 years. All studies were conducted in the pre-competition period in the morning. Based on the study of heart rate variability in athletes, the type of heart rate regulation was determined. The basis for determining the types of regulation is the classification of heart rate variability indicators, taking into account their inclusion in certain limits. Heart rate variability indicators that reflect the dual-circuit model of heart rate regulation and are used for diagnosis include: total heart rate variability – total power (ms2), very low frequency (ms2), and stress-index (e.u.), which reflect the various chains of regulatory effects on heart rate. According to certain data types, 4 groups were formed. 1 group (type I) consisted of 42 athletes, 2 (type II) – 28 athletes, 3 (type III) – 88 athletes, 4 (type IV) – 44 athletes. The study of sensorimotor function was performed using the device KMM-3. Results and discussion. It is shown that the most balanced sensorimotor reactions are in athletes with type III regulation of heart rate. The most strain sensorimotor reactions are observed in type II regulation of heart rate, which is reflected in the pronounced central asymmetry of movement control with acceleration to the left against the background of deteriorating accuracy of right (due to flexors) and left (due to extensors) limbs, and the right-hand predominance. Sensorimotor reactions are quite strain in type IV of heart rate regulation, which is characterized by slow reactions at the synaptic and peripheral levels. In type I of heart rate regulation, the disorders observed at the central level of regulation relate to the asymmetry of short-term motor memory processes, which are significantly reduced in the left hemisphere. Conclusion. The study shows that the differences in the regulatory support of heart rate in highly qualified athletes are accompanied by characteristic differences in sensorimotor function. The latter can be useful for the diagnosis and further correction of conditions associated with the development of overexertion and overtraining

scholarly journals Distribution of Virulence Genes Among Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus Aureus of Clinical and Environmental Origin

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deepshikha Bhowmik ◽  
Shiela Chetri ◽  
Bhaskar Jyoti Das ◽  
Debadatta Dhar Chanda ◽  
Amitabha Bhattacharjee
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Multidrug Resistance ◽  
Virulence Genes ◽  
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Virulence Gene ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Type Iv ◽  
Type V

Abstract Objective: This study was designed to discover the dissemination of virulence genes in Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus from clinical and environmental settings. Results: The virulence gene such as sea (n=54), seb (n=21), eta (n=27), etb (n=2), cna (n=24), ica (n=2) and tst (n=30) was revealed from this study. Different SCCmec types such as type I, type II, type III, type IV, type V, type VI, type VII, type VIII and type XII were detected among sixty three MRSA isolates where SCCmec type II having ST1551 and type V with ST2416 were found to be associated with multidrug resistance and were highly prevalent in the study area.

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