Microbiological analysis of Udo Anwankwo river in Ikot Ekpene, South-South Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 005-011
Author(s):  
Jonathan Okokon Ekanem ◽  
Divine Jacob Ottong
Keyword(s):  
Aspergillus Niger ◽  
Water Sample ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Total Coliform ◽  
Microbiological Analysis ◽  
Proper Treatment ◽  
Fungal Isolates ◽  
Standard Procedures ◽  
Sampling Points ◽  
Microbial Analysis

The microbiological study of water samples obtained from Udo Anwankwo River was investigated. Water samples were collected from three different sampling points along the course of the river and analyzed using standard procedures. The total bacterial counts, total coliform counts and total fungal counts of the water samples ranged from 2.6×105 to 4.8×105cfu/ml, 1.2×104 to 1.8×105cfu/ml and 0.24×103 to 1.9×103cfu/ml respectively. A total of nine bacteria species belonging to the following genera, Bacillus, Salmonella, Escherichia, Pseudomonas, Micrococcus, Staphylococcus, Vibrio, Enterobacter and Streptococcus were isolated and identified from the samples, while five fungal isolates including members of the genera Aspergillus niger, Mucor, Penicillum, Rhizopus and Fusarium were isolated. The study through microbial analysis has revealed that the river water sample was not free from pathogens and thereby not suitable for potable use. There is need to put adequate measures towards the control of pollution and proper treatment of the water before usage as it contains pathogenic organisms.

scholarly journals Physiochemical and Microbiological Analysis of Drinking Water in Chattogram City, Bangladesh

2020 ◽  
pp. 42-50
Author(s):  
Kanij Fatema Nishan ◽  
Nilufa Yeasmin ◽  
Urmi Rani Devi ◽  
Sumiya Akter ◽  
Md. Abu Bakar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Total Coliform ◽  
Drinking Water Quality ◽  
Sampling Location ◽  
Microbiological Analysis ◽  
Alternative Source ◽  
Safe Alternative ◽  
Total Dissolved Solid

Chattogram is the second most populated city in Bangladesh. This port city faces a serious threat mainly due to the lack of safe drinking water. This study was conducted for determining drinking water quality of groundwater sources in Chattogram city. The study was performed in the BCSIR laboratory, Chattogram. It was carried out for a period of six months from 1st July, 2018 to 31th December, 2018. Total six water samples were collected from three different locations (Baluchora, C&B colony and Khulshi area). Each sampling location consists of two separate sampling points. Physicochemical parameters of the collected samples like Temperature, pH, Electrical Conductivity (EC), Total dissolved solid (TDS), Hardness, Turbidity and concentration of Cl, As, Mn, Fe, Pb, Cr and Cd were examined. Microbial parameters like Total Coliform (TC) were also measured. All the analyzed parameters compared with BSTI and WHO drinking water quality standards to understand the overall ground water quality status of the study area. The results reveal that water samples in almost all locations were contaminated with microbial contamination and that the range of physico-chemical parameters was not adequate for consumption. Preliminary treatments like boiling, filtering etc are required before using groundwater for drinking and the necessary measures must be taken for a safe alternative source of drinking water.

Microbiological water and effluent sample preservation

1980 ◽  
Vol 26 (8) ◽  
pp. 921-929 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. J. Dutka ◽  
A. El-Shaarawi
Keyword(s):  
Water Samples ◽  
Storage Temperature ◽  
Heterotrophic Bacteria ◽  
Stream Water ◽  
Bacterial Load ◽  
Total Coliform ◽  
Microbiological Analysis ◽  
Microbiological Analyses ◽  
Crushed Ice ◽  
Original Water

A study, using four types of water samples ranging from relatively pure stream water to water containing industrial and domestic effluents, was carried out to investigate the effect of storage temperature on four bacterial parameters: total coliform, fecal coliform, fecal streptococcus, and heterotrophic bacteria. In the study, each water sample was cooled immediately after collection to approximately 1.5 °C by storage in crushed ice. At 2-, 24-, 30-, and 48-h intervals, the sample was mixed, and a subsample was removed and tested. Three separate analyses for each parameter were made on each subsample. The data available for statistical analyses contained, in some cases, the values obtained for the three subsamples and, in others, the means of the three values. The data were analysed as replicated data and as part of the entire set. The analysed data indicated (i) that with the exception of heterotrophic populations, more than 75% of the samples were microbiologically stable for at least 24 h, (ii) that at least 50% of samples tested for heterotrophic densities were stable for a minimum period of 24 h, (iii) that the original water temperature and bacterial load do not appear to be consistent factors in the preservation of samples for microbiological analysis, and (iv) that nutrient levels, also, do not seem to be consistent factors in the preservation of water samples for microbiological analyses.

scholarly journals Analysis of the Physicochemical Parameters and Microbiological Quality of Water Samples Obtained from Mbiaso River and Enang Stream in Ikot Ekpene Metropolis

2021 ◽  
pp. 18-27
Author(s):  
Ekanem, Jonathan Okokon ◽  
Akpan, Nyaknoabasi Ime ◽  
Zorbari, Glory Msubaritoma
Keyword(s):  
Water Samples ◽  
Physicochemical Parameters ◽  
Heterotrophic Bacteria ◽  
Microbiological Quality ◽  
Titratable Acidity ◽  
Total Coliform ◽  
Coliform Count ◽  
Quality Of Water ◽  
Sampling Points ◽  
Who Standards

The physicochemical, microbiological and heavy metal studies of water samples obtained from Mbiaso River and Enang Stream were investigated. Water samples were collected from two locations with two sampling points from each location along the course of the water body based on their use by the community and analysed using standard procedures. The results obtained were compared with WHO standards for drinking and recreational water. Aside titratable acidity, titratable alkalinity and BOD, all other physicochemical parameters were within the permissible standards. All the heavy metals concentrations were above the permissible limits except for Lead (Pb) that ranged between 0.01mg/l to 0.05 mg/l for all the sampling points. All the water samples were found to harbor coliforms organisms in numbers greater than the required WHO standards for water except for Enang river that lacked the presence of Vibrio spp. The total viable counts for all the water samples were generally high exceeding the standard limit of 1.0 x 102 cfu/ml for water. The total heterotrophic bacteria count, total coliform count, faecal coliform count and total fungal count ranged between 1.9x104 - 52x104 cfu/ml, 2.3x104 -38 x104 cfu/ml, 1.7x104 - 30x104 cfu/ml and 2.5x104 - 5.3x104 cfu/ml respectively. The total salmonella-shigella counts and total staphylococcus counts were in the range of 0.2 x102-0.4 x102 cfu/ml and 0.3 x102 -0.6 x104 cfu/ml respectively. From the study, it is suggested that some regulations measures be put in place to control pollution of the water while the water be properly treated before use for domestic, potable or recreational purposes.

scholarly journals Harvested Rainwater Quality: A Case Study Of Aule In Akure, South Western Nigeria

2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 451
Author(s):  
Ochuko Mary Ojo
Keyword(s):  
Water Sample ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Total Coliform ◽  
Rain Water ◽  
World Health ◽  
Well Water ◽  
Storage Tanks ◽  
Health Organization

The quality of harvested rainwater in Aule area of Akure, South western Nigeria was assessed in this study. Water samples were collected from 25 rain water storage tanks within the study area and a well was used as a control. The water samples were subjected to detailed laboratory analysis and the results obtained was compared with World Health Organization (WHO) standard for drinking water. The turbidity values ranged from 2.7 to 9.1 NTU for the harvested rainwater samples while the well water sample had a turbidity of 2.3 NTU. The conductivity values for the rainwater samples ranged from 101 to 1328 Ωs/cm. The conductivity value was lower in the well water (164 Ωs/cm) than in most of the harvested rain water samples. The pH of the harvested rainwater ranged from 6.1 to 7.4 with 36 % of the water samples having a pH less than the WHO minimum limit of 6.5. The pH of the well water sample was 7.4 and was within the WHO acceptable limits of 6.5 to 8.5. All the sampled rainwaters and well water had bacteria in them. The total bacterial content of the rain water samples ranged from 05 to 28 CFU/100 mL, while that of the well was 05 CFU/100 mL. The total coliform contents of the rainwater samples ranged from 03 to 18 CFU/100 mL, while that of the well was 02 CFU/ 100 mL. Based on the results obtained from this study, it is recommended that harvested rainwater be treated to kill contaminating microorganisms and to reduce the health risks associated with its consumption.

scholarly journals Impact of Seasonal Variation on Bacteriological Quality of Drinking Water

1970 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdul Hussain Shar ◽  
Yasmeen Faiz Kazi ◽  
Irshad Hussain Soomro
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Seasonal Variation ◽  
Water Sample ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Diarrhoeal Disease ◽  
Total Coliform ◽  
Bacteriological Quality ◽  
Potential Source ◽  
Drinking Water Samples

To assess the bacteriological quality 768 drinking water samples were collected from different locations in Khairpur City, Sindh, Pakistan over a period of two years from January 2006 to December 2007. The study reveals that out of 768 drinking water samples 567 (73.83%) samples were found to be contaminated with total coliform among them 85 (11.06%) found in the January-March period, 182 (23.70%) in April-June period, 188 (24.47%) in July-September, 112 (14.58%) in October-December period. Faecal coliform was found in 351 (45.70%) water sample, in which 49 (15.80%) occurred during January-March, 137 (17.83%) during April-June, 136 (17.71%) during July-September and 69 (8.98%) during September-December. It can be concluded from the results of the present study that bacteriological quality of two-third drinking water in Khairpur City is not safe as the water is the potential source of diarrhoeal disease agents. Keywords: Drinking water; Khairpur City; Faecal pollution; DiarrhoeaDOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjm.v25i1.4862 Bangladesh J Microbiol, Volume 25, Number 1, June 2008, pp 69-72

scholarly journals Microbiological Study on Supply Water and Treated Water in Dhaka City

1970 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 42-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mrityunjoy Acharjee ◽  
Farjana Rahman ◽  
Sadia Afrin Beauty ◽  
Farahnaaz Feroz ◽  
M Majibur Rahman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Samples ◽  
Total Coliform ◽  
Faecal Coliform ◽  
Microbiological Analysis ◽  
Dhaka City ◽  
Sample Collection ◽  
Biochemical Tests ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
Treated Water ◽  
Two Samples

Water borne diseases are the major cause of morbidity and mortality in developing countries like Bangladesh, where disease outbreaks occur due to unsafe drinking water, inadequate sanitation and poor hygienic practices. The objective of this study was to evaluate the quality of water used for drinking as well as household purposes in Dhaka city, Bangladesh. Eighteen water samples were collected from different rivers and canals. Among those, two samples were treated with chlorine. Physico-chemical parameters (pH, salinity, turbidity, conductivity and dissolved oxygen) were monitored during the time of sample collection using portable meters. For microbiological analysis, water samples were collected in sterile screw capped bottle. All Experiments were carried out within 24 hours after collecting the samples. All the water sources were found to be contaminated with total coliform, faecal coliform, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp., Salmonella spp., Shigella spp., Vibrio cholerae, Aeromonas spp. and Fungi except treated water samples. Several biochemical tests were performed for confirmation of suspected organisms. According to these results, huge amount of total coliform and faecal coliform were observed in every sample and these amount were very much similar for other organisms. Treated water samples were found to be microbiologically accepted than untreated water samples. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/sjm.v1i1.9132    Stamford Journal of Microbiology, Vol.1(1), July 2011, p.42-45

scholarly journals Bacteriological and Physicochemical Quality Assessment of a Segment of Asa River Water, Ilorin, Nigeria

2021 ◽  
pp. 50-59
Author(s):  
Fausat Abimbola Jimoh ◽  
Olatunji Matthew Kolawole
Keyword(s):  
River Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Total Coliform ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Public Health Importance ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Standard Procedures ◽  
Water Ph ◽  
Living Organisms

The existence of all living organisms depends on water resource which is continually polluted, and is therefore of public health importance. This study investigated river water samples for physicochemical and bacteriological quality of post-office segment of Asa river in Ilorin using standard procedures and the isolates were also identified with standard methods. Eight selected antibiotics used were in this study to determine the trend of susceptibility of the microorganisms to some of the antibiotics. The values recorded for physicochemical parameters of the water samples were within the limits of WHO standard for safe drinking water. The temperature of the water samples ranged between 21.0 and 28.40C while water pH ranged from 7.1 to 7.5. The total heterotrophic count values ranged between 1.2×104 and 7.8×104 cfu/ml, total coliform count values ranged between 4.0×102 and 1.0×104 cfu/100ml, total fecal count values were between 0 and 5.9×103 cfu/100ml some of which were found to be higher than the WHO stipulated values prescribed for river water. Large amount of the bacteria isolated from this water indicated that the water source is a reservoir for many waterborne pathogens; this includes Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, Salmonella sp., Shigella sp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella sp., Staphylococcus aureus  and Streptococcus sp. Approximately 75% of the isolates were sensitive to ofloxacin and 50% of the isolates were sensitive to gentamicin, while the entire organisms were resistant to augmentin, cefuroxime, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone. It was inferred that, the selected of segment of the river analyzed revealed high levels of pollution with antibiotic resistant organisms hence not suitable for human consumption without implementing appropriate purification and  treatment regimen.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the Microbial Load and pH of Pap Produced from Selected Cereals

2021 ◽  
pp. 50-54
Author(s):  
Ifeoma Uche Ude ◽  
Mohammed Aisha ◽  
Uche Okechukwu Ibe ◽  
U. G. Ekeleme
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Lactic Acid Bacteria ◽  
Total Coliform ◽  
Microbial Load ◽  
Fermented Foods ◽  
Microbiological Analysis ◽  
Clean Water ◽  
Production Potential ◽  
Standard Procedures ◽  
Cereal Grain

The aim of this work was to evaluate the microbial load of pap samples made from three commonly utilized cereal grains namely: maize (Zea mays), millet (Pennisetum typhoideum) and guinea corn (Sorghum bicolor). Exactly 2 kg each of the aforementioned grains was steeped in 1000 ml of clean water for 3 days at 30±20C temperature. The water was disposed and the cereal grain separately washed thoroughly using clean water. The grains were then wet milled and the resulting paste mixed with1000 ml of clean water. The slurry was filtered with the aid of the muslin cloth. The filtrate was then allowed to stand for a period of 24 hours and the supernatant disposed. Microbiological analysis to determine microbial load on the various samples were carried using standard procedures. Guinea corn based pap had the highest lactic acid bacteria count of 9×103 CFU/g at 0 hr of fermentation which decreased to 6.6×105 CFU/g at the 72nd hr.  On the other hand, the composite of the three cereals had the lactic acid bacteria count of 4.2×104 CFU/g at 0 hr of fermentation which increased to 8.6×105 CFU/g at the 72nd hr, the highest value recorded for all samples studied. Total coliform count on all samples maintained a uniform trend of increase at the 24th and 48th hr and a decrease at the 72nd hr. Millet based pap had the highest fungi count of 2.3×101CFU/g at 0hr of fermentation which increased progressively to 4.9×101 at the 72nd hr. However, pap derived from the composite of the cereals presented the lowest fungi count of 0.52×102   at 0hr which however increased progressively to record the highest count of 1.4×101at the 72nd hr. In conclusion, there is need to optimize the growth of lactic acid bacteria in the production of pap, this may enhance its acid production potential and consequent inhibition and/destruction of potential harmful microorganisms in fermented foods.

Occurrences of Giardia cysts in beach water

1998 ◽  
Vol 38 (12) ◽  
pp. 73-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. S. W. Ho ◽  
T.-Y Tam
Keyword(s):  
Health Risk ◽  
Water Sample ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
Infectious Dose ◽  
Potential Health Risk ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Beach Water ◽  
Giardia Cysts

A total of 64 beach water samples with various bacteriological quality (Grades 1 to 4) were analysed for their bacteriological and parasitological contents (E coli and Giardia cysts respectively). Results indicated that Giardia cysts were detected in less than 10% of the Grade 1 beach water samples with E coli concentrations of <24/100mL. For Grades 2, 3 & 4 beach water samples, Giardia cysts were found, respectively, in 85, 50 and 64% of the samples. Except for one beach water sample which had an unusually high concentration of Giardia cysts (23 cysts/L), they were generally present at moderate concentrations (<10 cysts/L) in all other beach water samples. Despite moderate levels of Giardia cysts present in beach water of different grades, the potential health risk faced by swimmers bathing in local beach water needs to be carefully assessed as Giardia is known to have a low infectious dose.

scholarly journals Behavioral Parameters of Planarians (Girardia tigrina) as Fast Screening, Integrative and Cumulative Biomarkers of Environmental Contamination: Preliminary Results

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 1077
Author(s):  
Ana M. Córdova López ◽  
Althiéris de Souza Saraiva ◽  
Carlos Gravato ◽  
Amadeu M. V. M. Soares ◽  
Renato Almeida Sarmento
Keyword(s):  
Water Samples ◽  
Feeding Rate ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Behavioral Responses ◽  
Freshwater Ecosystems ◽  
Sampling Point ◽  
Total Chloride ◽  
Fast Screening ◽  
Sampling Points ◽  
The Impact

The present study aims to use behavioral responses of the freshwater planarian Girardia tigrina to assess the impact of anthropogenic activities on the aquatic ecosystem of the watershed Araguaia-Tocantins (Tocantins, Brazil). Behavioral responses are integrative and cumulative tools that reflect changes in energy allocation in organisms. Thus, feeding rate and locomotion velocity (pLMV) were determined to assess the effects induced by the laboratory exposure of adult planarians to water samples collected in the region of Tocantins-Araguaia, identifying the sampling points affected by contaminants. Furthermore, physicochemical and microbiological parameters, as well as the presence of inorganic compounds (dissolved aluminum, total barium, total chloride, dissolved iron, total fluoride, total manganese, nitrates, nitric nitrogen, total sulfate, total zinc) and surfactants, were determined on each specific sampling point. The behavioral biomarkers (feeding rate and pLMV) of the freshwater planarians were significantly decreased when organisms were exposed to water samples from four municipalities (Formoso do Araguaia, Lagoa da Confusão, Gurupi and Porto Nacional), sites of the Tocantins-Araguaia hydrographic region—TAHR. Both behavioral biomarkers decreased up to ~37–39% compared to organisms in ASTM medium only. Our results showed that these behavioral biomarkers can be used for fast screening monitoring of environmental samples of freshwater ecosystems, since a decrease in feeding rate and locomotor activity was observed in sites impacted by anthropogenic activities. However, the absence of effects observed in some sampling points does not represent the absence of contamination, since several other classes of contaminants were not determined. In these negative results, the absence of deleterious effects on behavioral biomarkers might only be indicative that the potential presence of contaminants on such sites does not significantly affect the performance of planarians. This fast screening approach seems to be useful to determine contaminated sites in freshwater ecosystems for biomonitoring purposes. This knowledge will help to develop biomonitoring programs and to decide appropriate sampling sites and analysis.

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