scholarly journals Vocal Communication in Androgynous Territorial Defense by Migratory Birds

ISRN Zoology ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eugene S. Morton ◽  
Bridget J. M. Stutchbury
Keyword(s):  
Vocal Communication ◽  
Migratory Birds ◽  
Sex Role ◽  
Evolutionary Significance ◽  
Breeding Period ◽  
Territorial Defense ◽  
Structural Rules ◽  
Pair Mating ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
The Tropics

Many temperate zone breeding birds spend their non-breeding period in the tropics where they defend individual territories. Unlike tropical birds that use song for breeding and non-breeding territorial defense, vocal defense differs strikingly between breeding and non-breeding territories in migrants. Song, restricted to males, is used during defense of breeding territories but callnotes are used to defend non-breeding territories. To explain why callnotes and not songs predominate in the non-breeding context, we present an empirical model based upon predictions from motivational/structural rules, ranging theory and latitudinal differences in extra-pair mating systems. Due to sex role divergence during breeding that favors singing in males, but not females, females may be unable to range male song. Ranging requires a signal to be in both the sender and receiver’s repertoire to allow the distance between them to be assessed (ranged). Non-breeding territories of migrants are defended by both males and females as exclusive individual (androgynous) territories. Ranging Theory predicts callnotes, being shared by both males and females can, in turn, be ranged by both so are effective in androgynous territoriality. Where songs are used for non-breeding territorial defense both sexes sing, supporting the evolutionary significance of shared vocalizations in androgynous territorial defense.

scholarly journals The effects of unrelated offspring whistle calls on capybaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris)

2014 ◽  
Vol 74 (3 suppl 1) ◽  
pp. S171-S176
Author(s):  
E Dos Santos ◽  
RS Tokumaru ◽  
SLG Nogueira Filho ◽  
SSC Nogueira
Keyword(s):  
Sound Source ◽  
Vocal Communication ◽  
Bird Song ◽  
Playback Experiment ◽  
Parental Responsiveness ◽  
Hydrochoerus Hydrochaeris ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Gender Influences

Parent-offspring vocal communication, such as the isolation call, is one of the essential adaptations in mammals that adjust parental responsiveness. Thus, our aim was to test the hypothesis that the function of the capybara infants' whistle is to attract conspecifics. We designed a playback experiment to investigate the reaction of 20 adult capybaras (seven males and 13 females) to pups' whistle calls – recorded from unrelated offspring – or to bird song, as control. The adult capybaras promptly responded to playback of unrelated pup whistles, while ignoring the bird vocalisation. The adult capybaras took, on average, 2.6 ± 2.5 seconds (s) to show a response to the whistles, with no differences between males and females. However, females look longer (17.0 ± 12.9 s) than males (3.0 ± 7.2 s) toward the sound source when playing the pups' whistle playback. The females also tended to approach the playback source, while males showed just a momentary interruption of ongoing behaviour (feeding). Our results suggest that capybara pups' whistles function as the isolation call in this species, but gender influences the intensity of the response.

CHANGING PATTERNS IN THE RESPONSE TO HUMOROUS SEXUAL STIMULI: SEX ROLES AND EXPRESSION OF SEXUALITY

1983 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank J. Prerost
Keyword(s):  
Life Experiences ◽  
Sex Role ◽  
Sexual Experience ◽  
Sexual Expression ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Sexual Stimuli ◽  
Changing Patterns ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Sex Attitudes

Considering the relaxation of sex role restraints and the convergence of male/female reactions to erotica, this study examined the impact of humorous sexual stimuli on adult males and females. Results showed the importance of personal sexual experience and enjoyment with sexual expression on the reactions to sexual humor. Sexist ideas within sexual humor was a significant factor in influencing female appreciation of sexual jokes. Yet some females, depending on life experiences, evidenced cross-sex attitudes in humor preferences.

scholarly journals Rainfall-induced changes in food availability modify the spring departure programme of a migratory bird

2011 ◽  
Vol 278 (1723) ◽  
pp. 3437-3443 ◽  
Author(s):  
Colin E. Studds ◽  
Peter P. Marra
Keyword(s):  
Migratory Birds ◽  
Marked Change ◽  
Migratory Bird ◽  
Breeding Period ◽  
Climatic Warming ◽  
Adaptive Responses ◽  
American Redstarts ◽  
Breeding Grounds ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Induced Changes

Climatic warming has intensified selection for earlier reproduction in many organisms, but potential constraints imposed by climate change outside the breeding period have received little attention. Migratory birds provide an ideal model for exploring such constraints because they face warming temperatures on temperate breeding grounds and declining rainfall on many tropical non-breeding areas. Here, we use longitudinal data on spring departure dates of American redstarts ( Setophaga ruticilla ) to show that annual variation in tropical rainfall and food resources are associated with marked change in the timing of spring departure of the same individuals among years. This finding challenges the idea that photoperiod alone regulates the onset of migration, providing evidence that intensifying drought in the tropical winter could hinder adaptive responses to climatic warming in the temperate zone.

scholarly journals Chemical Components and Biological Activities of the Genus Phyllanthus: A Review of the Recent Literature

Molecules ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (10) ◽  
pp. 2567 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Nisar ◽  
Junwei He ◽  
Arsalan Ahmed ◽  
Youxin Yang ◽  
Mingxi Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Industry ◽  
Recent Literature ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Chemical Components ◽  
Cellular Functions ◽  
Underdeveloped Countries ◽  
The Family ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Loss Of Appetite ◽  
The Tropics

Medicinal plants have served humans since prehistoric times to treat various ailments. Both developed and underdeveloped countries rely on traditional systems of medication using natural sources from plants. Phyllanthus is one of the largest genus in the family Phyllanthaceae, comprising over 700 well known species cosmopolitan in distribution mainly in the tropics and subtropics. Phyllanthus species are being in constant used in traditional medications to cure an array of human diseases (constipation, inhalation related, arthritis, loss of appetite, injuries, conjunctivitis, diarrhoea, running nose, common cold, malaria, blennorrhagia, colic, diabetes mellitus, dysentery, indigestion, fever, gout, gonorrheal diseases of males and females, skin itching, jaundice, hepatic disorders, leucorrhea, vaginitis, menstrual irregularities, obesity, stomach pains, and tumors), confectionaries, food industry, and in some pesticides. Phyllanthus species are rich in diversity of phytochemicals e.g., tannins, terpenes, alkaloids, glycosidic compounds, saponins, and flavones etc. More in depth studies are a direly needed to identify more compounds with specific cellular functions to treat various ailments.

Sex Roles and Social Skills Considerations for Interpersonal Adjustment

1981 ◽  
Vol 5 (5_suppl) ◽  
pp. 758-766 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey A. Kelly ◽  
G. Gerald O'Brien ◽  
Robert Hosford
Keyword(s):  
Social Skills ◽  
Sex Roles ◽  
Sex Role ◽  
Behavioral Flexibility ◽  
Interpersonal Adjustment ◽  
Role Orientations ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Interpersonal Situations ◽  
The Relationship

In light of claims that sex roles are differentially related to behavioral flexibility, the current study investigated the relationship between sex role orientations and performance in interpersonal situations. Males and females in each of four sex role categories (masculine-typed, feminine-typed, androgynous and undifferentiated) role-played situations requiring the appropriate expression of either commendatory or refusal assertiveness. Androgynous subjects were most effective in rated skills components for both types of situations, while undifferentiated subjects were highly ineffective. Complex interpersonal situations apparently require the use of well-integrated masculine and feminine social skills.

scholarly journals Summer pre-breeding movements of Eleonora’s Falcon Falco eleonorae revealed by satellite telemetry: implications for conservation

2013 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 487-494 ◽  
Author(s):  
UGO MELLONE ◽  
PASCUAL LÓPEZ-LÓPEZ ◽  
RUBÉN LIMIÑANA ◽  
VICENTE URIOS
Keyword(s):  
Migratory Birds ◽  
Satellite Telemetry ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Western Mediterranean ◽  
Breeding Period ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Priority Species ◽  
Wintering Areas ◽  
Eleonora’S Falcon ◽  
Falco Eleonorae

SummaryRecent advances in bird tracking technologies are revealing that migratory birds use temporal staging sites other than breeding and wintering areas, and these areas deserve conservation efforts. Eleonora’s Falcon Falco eleonorae is a long-distance migratory raptor that breeds colonially on islands and is considered a priority species for conservation. Anecdotal observations indicate that during the pre-breeding period, Eleonora’s Falcons stay in inland areas far away from the colonies, but, to date there are no detailed data concerning the connectivity between these areas and breeding colonies. Using satellite telemetry, we analysed data from four summering events belonging to three individuals breeding in two colonies in the Western Mediterranean (Spain). All of them made inland movements in areas up to c.400 km distant from the respective breeding colonies, visiting several habitats, from forests to arable lands, probably taking advantage of high densities of insects. Perturbations occurring in these areas could threaten Eleonora’s Falcons with serious consequences at the population level. We suggest that conservation measures implemented at breeding and wintering grounds may not suffice and that temporary staging areas should be identified at a larger scale and deserve protection as well.

Food or sex—males and females in a sex role reversed pipefish have different interests

2006 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 281-287 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anders Berglund ◽  
Gunilla Rosenqvist ◽  
Sarah Robinson-Wolrath
Keyword(s):  
Sex Role ◽  
Males And Females

Comparison of Factors from the Bem Sex-Role Inventory for Male and Female College Students

1980 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 1011-1017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas M. Kimlicka ◽  
James A. Wakefield ◽  
Alan F. Friedman
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Principal Components ◽  
Sex Role ◽  
Female College Students ◽  
Poor Agreement ◽  
Bem Sex Role Inventory ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Principal Components Method ◽  
Components Method

The 40 sex-typed items of the Bern Sex-role Inventory were analyzed by the principal components method for samples of 169 male and 206 female undergraduates. The Bern Sex-role Inventory assumes psychological masculinity (M) and femininity (F) as independent, unipolar dimensions of personality which can be measured using pools of items treated as homogeneous. The two analyses were compared with each other and with theoretical orthogonal factors of masculinity and femininity. The results indicated that the two sets of items measure the same constructs for males and females and show agreement with theoretical factors. In addition, the masculine items defined three small factors (rather than one) for each sex and eight feminine items showed poor agreement with the femininity factor. Suggestions for improving the inventory were presented.

Teachers View People: Sex-Role Stereotyping

1977 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 583-591 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara G. Zimet ◽  
Carl N. Zimet
Keyword(s):  
Women Educators ◽  
Sex Role ◽  
Check List ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Adjective Check List ◽  
Personal Adjustment ◽  
Sex Role Stereotyping ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
The Relationship

175 women and 80 men educators completed the Gough Adjective Check List identifying each word as being stereotypically associated with males, with females, or with both. Only those adjectives on which at least 70% of all educators agreed were assigned by society either to males ( N = 74) or to females ( N = 67) were used in eight of the check list scales. Men and women educators saw males as being perceived as significantly more achievement oriented, autonomous, and aggressive and females as being seen as significantly more deferent. No significant differences in educators' views of society's perception of males and females were found regarding personal adjustment, intraception, and favorable and unfavorable characteristics. The relationship between culturally stereotyped characteristics identified by educators as being assigned to males and females and the characteristics associated with performance in school are discussed.

Reactions to Men and Women Who Cry: A Study of Sex Differences in Perceived Societal Attitudes versus Personal Attitudes

1982 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 479-486 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary A. Cretser ◽  
William K. Lombardo ◽  
Barbara Lombardo ◽  
Sharon Mathis
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Sex Role ◽  
Double Standard ◽  
Female Students ◽  
Stimulus Situation ◽  
Sex Role Attitudes ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Personal Attitudes ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Male Subjects

This study examined sex differences and similarities in sex-role attitudes using reactions to males' and females' crying as the stimulus situation. 285 male and 307 female students completed questionnaires. Subjects were asked to indicate their reactions to the sight of a woman crying and to the sight of a man crying. They were also asked to indicate how they thought “people” react to the sight of a man or a woman crying. Subjects perceived “people” as holding a double standard of crying, with much greater acceptance of females' than of males' crying. The proportion of subjects of both sexes who considered crying by males acceptable was significantly greater than the proportion who felt “people” would find it acceptable. Women seemed to hold a unisex standard of crying, while male subjects endorsed a double standard.

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