scholarly journals Predicting the Effect of Climate Change on Forest Biomass by Different Ecoprovinces and Forest Types in Korea

2013 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 119-129 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jin Young Shin ◽  
Myoung Soo Won ◽  
Kyongha Kim ◽  
Man Yong Shin
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Forest Biomass ◽  
Forest Types

scholarly journals Terrestrial Carbon Stock Potential in Selected Forest in Bhutan, India and Nepal

2021 ◽  
pp. 21-32
Author(s):  
Kezang Choden ◽  
Bhagat Suberi ◽  
Purna Chettri
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Forest Management ◽  
Carbon Stock ◽  
Sustainable Forest Management ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Stand Density ◽  
Forest Products ◽  
Forest Types ◽  
Sequestration Potential ◽  
The Government

Forests are natural carbon reservoirs that play an important role in the global carbon cycle for storing large quantities of carbon in vegetation and soils. Carbon stored in pool helps in mitigating climate change by carbon sequestration. The vulnerable countries to changing climate such as Bhutan, Nepal, and India require a full understanding of carbon dynamics as well as baseline data on carbon stock potential to mitigate anticipated risks and vulnerabilities (RVs) through climate change. The scope of such RVs are trans boundary in nature, however, the comparative studies at regional scale are still scanty. Therefore, the aim of this review is to assess the carbon stock potentials of selected forest types in the eastern Himalayan area, with an emphasis on Bhutan, India, and Nepal. This review paper is based on published articles, information from websites and considerable data from National forestry reports of India and Bhutan; emphasizing on aboveground biomass and soil organic carbon stock. The review showed that carbon stock potential is highly dependent on stand density, above-ground biomass, species richness and forest types. The sub-tropical forest was found to have larger carbon capacity and sequestration potential. SOC concentration and tree biomass stocks were significantly higher at the high altitude where there is less human disturbance. In general, forest coverage has increased compare to previous year in Bhutan, India and Nepal which ultimately leads to higher carbon stock potential. It is mainly due to strong policies and different strategies for conservation of forest management have reduced mass destruction despite a growing population. Despite the rules, deforestation continues to occur at various scales. However, it can be stated that the government and citizens are working hard to increase carbon stock potential, mostly through afforestation and community forest creation. In addition, it is recommended to practice sustainable forest management, regulated and planned cutting of trees and proper forest products utilization.

scholarly journals Global estimates of carbon stock changes in living forest biomass: EDGARv4.3 – time series from 1990 to 2010

2012 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 3437-3447 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. R. Petrescu ◽  
R. Abad-Viñas ◽  
G. Janssens-Maenhout ◽  
V. N. B. Blujdea ◽  
G. Grassi
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Land Use ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Forest Biomass ◽  
Global Level ◽  
Tier 1 ◽  
The World ◽  
C Stock ◽  
Global Estimates ◽  
Stock Change

Abstract. While the Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGAR) focuses on global estimates for the full set of anthropogenic activities, the Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry (LULUCF) sector might be the most diverse and most challenging to cover consistently for all countries of the world. Parties to United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) are required to provide periodic estimates of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, following the latest approved methodological guidance by the International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). The current study aims to consistently estimate the carbon (C) stock changes from living forest biomass for all countries of the world, in order to complete the LULUCF sector in EDGAR. In order to derive comparable estimates for developing and developed countries, it is crucial to use a single methodology with global applicability. Data for developing countries are generally poor, such that only the Tier 1 methods from either the IPCC Good Practice Guide for Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry (GPG-LULUCF) 2003 or the IPCC 2006 Guidelines can be applied to these countries. For this purpose, we applied the IPCC Tier 1 method at global level following both IPCC GPG-LULUCF 2003 and IPCC 2006, using spatially coarse activity data (i.e. area, obtained combining two different global forest maps: the Global Land Cover map and the eco-zones subdivision of the Global Ecological Zone (GEZ) map) in combination with the IPCC default C stocks and C stock change factors. Results for the C stock changes were calculated separately for gains, harvest, fires (Global Fire Emissions Database version 3, GFEDv.3) and net deforestation for the years 1990, 2000, 2005 and 2010. At the global level, results obtained with the two sets of IPCC guidance differed by about 40 %, due to different assumptions and default factors. The IPCC Tier 1 method unavoidably introduced high uncertainties due to the "globalization" of parameters. When the results using IPCC 2006 for Annex I Parties are compared to other international datasets such as (UNFCCC, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)) or scientific publications, a significant overestimation of the sink emerges. For developing countries, we conclude that C stock change in forest remaining forest can hardly be estimated with the Tier 1 method especially for calculating the C losses, mainly because wood removal data are not separately available on harvesting or deforestation. Overall, confronting the IPCC GPG-LULUCF 2003 and IPCC 2006 methodologies, we conclude that IPCC 2006 suits best the needs of EDGAR and provide a consistent global picture of C stock changes from living forest biomass independent of country estimates.

scholarly journals Partial altitudinal migration of the Near Threatened satyr tragopan Tragopan satyra in the Bhutan Himalayas: implications for conservation in mountainous environments

Oryx ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 166-173 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nawang Norbu ◽  
Ugyen ◽  
Martin C. Wikelski ◽  
David S. Wilcove
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Land Use ◽  
Full Range ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Anthropogenic Pressure ◽  
Forest Types ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Altitudinal Migration ◽  
Breeding Grounds ◽  
Migratory Strategies

AbstractRelative to long-distance migrants, altitudinal migrants have been understudied, perhaps because of a perception that their migrations are less complex and therefore easier to protect. Nonetheless, altitudinal migrants may be at risk as they are subject to ongoing anthropogenic pressure from land use and climate change. We used global positioning system/accelerometer telemetry to track the partial altitudinal migration of the satyr tragopan Tragopan satyra in central Bhutan. The birds displayed a surprising diversity of migratory strategies: some individuals did not migrate, others crossed multiple mountains to their winter ranges, others descended particular mountains, and others ascended higher up into the mountains in winter. In all cases migration between summer breeding and winter non-breeding grounds was accomplished largely by walking, not by flying. Females migrated in a south-easterly direction whereas males migrated in random directions. During winter, migrants occupied south-east facing slopes whereas residents remained on south-west facing slopes. Migratory and resident tragopans utilized a range of forest types, with migratory individuals preferring cool broadleaved forests during winter. These complex patterns of migration suggest that conservation measures should extend across multiple mountains, protect the full range of forest types and encompass multiple landscape configurations to protect aspect diversity. Given the diversity of migratory strategies employed by this single species it seems clear that more research on altitudinal migrants is needed to understand what must be done to ensure their future in an era of widespread land-use and climate change.

scholarly journals Modeling of the additive biomass structure of Pinus L. stands in climatic gradients of Eurasia

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
В.А. Усольцев ◽  
И.С. Цепордей ◽  
А.А. Осмирко ◽  
В.Ф. Ковязин ◽  
В.П. Часовских ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Forest Cover ◽  
Forest Biomass ◽  
Component Composition ◽  
Annual Precipitation ◽  
Mean Annual Precipitation ◽  
Simultaneous Increase ◽  
Biomass Equation ◽  
Additive Structure ◽  
Biomass Structure

Биомасса лесов является ключевой экосистемной составляющей и важным компонентом глобального углеродного цикла. Разработка моделей биомассы, чувствительных к изменению климата, ведется сегодня на уровнях как древостоев, так и модельных деревьев. Однако все текущие исследования подобного рода выполняются в пределах ограниченных экорегионов. Сформированная авторами база данных о биомассе насаждений подрода Pinus L., произрастающего в Евразии, в количестве 2460 пробных площадей использована в качестве основы для выявления трансконтинентальных закономерностей. Предпринята первая попытка разработать гармонизированную по структуре биомассы модель аддитивной по фракционному составу биомассы насаждений двухвойных сосен, изменяющейся по трансевразийским гидротермическим градиентам, а именно, по среднегодовым осадкам и средней январской температуре воздуха. Гармонизация обеспечена аддитивностью фракционного состава, когда суммарная биомасса стволов, ветвей, хвои и корней, полученная по «фракционным» уравнениям, равняется значению биомассы, полученной по общему уравнению. Показано, что в холодных климатических поясах увеличение осадков приводит к снижению биомассы большинства фракций, а в теплых – к ее увеличению. Соответственно во влагообеспеченных районах повышение температуры вызывает увеличение биомассы, а в засушливых – ее снижение. Геометрическая интерпретация полученной модели представлена «пропеллеро-образной» поверхностью, что согласуется с аналогичными закономерностями, ранее установленными в России на локальном и региональном уровнях. Предложенная модель аддитивной структуры биомассы сосновых древостоев дает возможность прогнозировать изменение структуры биомассы, связанное с одновременным повышением или понижением температуры января и годичных осадков. Forest biomass is a key ecosystem part and an important component of the global carbon cycle. Modelling of biomass, sensitive to climate change, is fulfiled up-to-date at levels as forest stands and sample trees. However, all current studies of this matter are carried out within limited ecoregions. The database on forest biomass of the subgenus Pinus L. in Eurasia in a number of 2460 sample plots compiled by the authors is the basis for revealing transcontinental regularities. The first attempt is made to develop a biomass structure model harmonized by means of additive component composition algorithm describing biomass change in trans-Eurasian hydrothermal gradients, namely, mean annual precipitation and mean January air temperature. Additivity of biomass component composition means that the total of biomass components (stems, branches, foliage, roots) derived from component equations is equal to the result obtained using the common biomass equation. It is stated that in cold climatic zones any increase in precipitation leads to corresponding decrease in the biomass values, but in warm zones – to its increase. In wet areas, the rise in temperature causes an increase of biomass values, but in arid areas – their reductions. Geometric view of this model represented by a «propeller-shaped» surface is consistent with the results, formerly revealed by the other authors in Russia on local and regional levels. The proposed transcontinental model of additive structure of forest biomass gives a possibility to predict the change of biomass structure in relation to simultaneous increase or decrease of January temperature and annual precipitation. The development of such models for basic forest-forming species grown in Eurasia enables to forecast any changes in the biological productivity of forest cover of Eurasia in relation to climate change.

scholarly journals Impacts of Fire on Forest Biomass Dynamics at the Southern Amazon Edge

2019 ◽  
Vol 46 (4) ◽  
pp. 285-292 ◽  
Author(s):  
Denis S Nogueira ◽  
Beatriz S Marimon ◽  
Ben Hur Marimon-Junior ◽  
Edmar A Oliveira ◽  
Paulo Morandi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Change ◽  
Forest Type ◽  
Forest Biomass ◽  
Riparian Forests ◽  
Environmental Drivers ◽  
Biomass Carbon ◽  
Forest Types ◽  
Change Rate ◽  
Biomass Dynamics

SummaryOver recent decades, biomass gains in remaining old-growth Amazonia forests have declined due to environmental change. Amazonia’s huge size and complexity makes understanding these changes, drivers, and consequences very challenging. Here, using a network of permanent monitoring plots at the Amazon–Cerrado transition, we quantify recent biomass carbon changes and explore their environmental drivers. Our study area covers 30 plots of upland and riparian forests sampled at least twice between 1996 and 2016 and subject to various levels of fire and drought. Using these plots, we aimed to: (1) estimate the long-term biomass change rate; (2) determine the extent to which forest changes are influenced by forest type; and (3) assess the threat to forests from ongoing environmental change. Overall, there was no net change in biomass, but there was clear variation among different forest types. Burning occurred at least once in 8 of the 12 riparian forests, while only 1 of the 18 upland forests burned, resulting in losses of carbon in burned riparian forests. Net biomass gains prevailed among other riparian and upland forests throughout Amazonia. Our results reveal an unanticipated vulnerability of riparian forests to fire, likely aggravated by drought, and threatening ecosystem conservation at the Amazon southern margins.

Environmental performance of grate furnace and fluidised bed furnace systems to produce electricity from forest biomass residues

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paula Quinteiro ◽  
Tamíris Pacheco da Costa ◽  
Luís Tarelho ◽  
Luís Arroja ◽  
Ana Cláudia Dias
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Forest Management ◽  
Energy Conversion ◽  
Forest Biomass ◽  
Electricity Production ◽  
Fluidised Bed ◽  
Impact Categories ◽  
Total Impact ◽  
Freshwater Eutrophication

<p>Electricity production from biomass has the potential to significantly contribute to the share of renewable energy in the global power mix with lesser environmental impact than non-renewable resources. The production of bioenergy from forest biomass residues is currently increasing in Portugal, mainly as a consequence of concerns related to climate change and forest fires.  In Portugal, the annual production of residual biomass from forest logging is estimated at 0.8-1.2 million dry tons per year, and about 47-58% of these residues come from eucalypt. </p><p>This study evaluates the environmental impacts resulting from electricity production in Portugal using eucalypt logging residues (composed of branches, foliage and tops) and considering two types of technologies: grate furnaces and fluidised bed furnaces. This assessment was performed using life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology, a methodology that evaluates the environmental impacts entire life cycle of a product or process (from the extraction of the raw materials until its end-of-life), allowing to identify the most significant stages and processes along the life cycle, and supporting by this way the decision and policy-making.</p><p>Two alternative scenarios for biomass-to-energy conversion technologies were simulated: grate furnace and fluidised bed furnace. The functional unit is the production of electricity from the combustion of eucalypt logging residues equivalent to 1 kWh delivered by the power plant to the Portuguese grid. System boundaries include the following stages: (1) forest management (including site preparation, planting, stand tending and logging); (2) residues collection; and (3) energy conversion (including forest biomass combustion as well as treatment and final destination of wastes). Seven impact categories from the International Reference Life Cycle Data System (ILCD) are considered: climate change, particulate matter, photochemical ozone formation, acidification, freshwater eutrophication, marine eutrophication and mineral and fossil resource depletion.</p><p>The results show that the forest management stage had a low contribution to the total impact in all impact categories for both technologies under analysis. The only exception is the impact category of mineral and fossil depletion, in which forest management is mainly responsible and which accounts for 92-94% of the total impact for both technologies analysed. The energy conversion is the hotspot in most of the impacts studied (climate change —49-63%, particulate matter —94-95%, photochemical ozone formation —85-88% of, acidification —76-79%, freshwater eutrophication —56-58% and marine eutrophication —70-71% of the total impact) and therefore, this is the stage for which improvements should be primarily establishedestablished for both technologies analysed. In addition, for all impact categories analysed, the fluidised bed presented the smallest environmental impact. Even when the grate furnace efficiency increases and the fluidised bed efficiency decreases in a sensitivity analysis, the fluidised bed has lower impacts than the grate furnace and is a good alternative for implementing new power plants. Further research is needed to analyse the effects of converting the grate technology in Portugal to fluidised bed technology.</p>

Towards the Fulfillment of a Knowledge Gap: Wood Densities for Species of the Subtropical Atlantic Forest

Data ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 104
Author(s):  
Laio Zimermann Oliveira ◽  
Heitor Felippe Uller ◽  
Aline Renata Klitzke ◽  
Jackson Roberto Eleotério ◽  
Alexander Christian Vibrans
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Forest ◽  
Forest Ecology ◽  
Forest Biomass ◽  
State Level ◽  
Forest Types ◽  
Permanent Sample Plots ◽  
Global Database ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Data Tables ◽  
Wood Science

Wood density ( ρ ) is a trait involved in forest biomass estimates, forest ecology, prediction of stand stability, wood science, and engineering. Regardless of its importance, data on ρ are scarce for a substantial number of species of the vast Atlantic Forest phytogeographic domain. Given that, the present paper describes a dataset composed of three data tables: (i) determinations of ρ (kg m−3) for 153 species growing in three forest types within the subtropical Atlantic Forest, based on wood samples collected throughout the state of Santa Catarina, southern Brazil; (ii) a list of 719 tree/shrub species observed by a state-level forest inventory and a ρ value assigned to each one of them based on local determinations and on a global database; (iii) the means and standard deviations of ρ for 477 permanent sample plots located in the subtropical Atlantic Forest, covering ∼95,000 km2. The mean ρ over the 153 sampled species is 538.6 kg m−3 (standard deviation = 120.5 kg m−3), and the mean ρ per sample plot, considering the three forest types, is 525.0 kg m−3 (standard error = 1.8 kg m−3). The described dataset has potential to underpin studies on forest biomass, forest ecology, alternative uses of timber resources, as well as to enlarge the coverage of global datasets.

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