Overcoming Enslavement with Toil, Gunpowder, and Land

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher C. Fennell
Keyword(s):  
South Carolina ◽  
African American ◽  
Mississippi River ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
The United States ◽  
Racial Violence ◽  
Structural Racism ◽  
Pike County ◽  
Racial Ideologies ◽  
The Town

The town of New Philadelphia was situated on the western edge of Illinois, in Hadley Township and Pike County. The community was just 25 miles east of the Mississippi River and Hannibal, Missouri. New Philadelphia was the first town planned in advance, platted, and legally registered by an African American in the United States. Frank McWorter founded the town in 1836. He was born into slavery in South Carolina in 1777, purchased his freedom in 1819, and established New Philadelphia decades later. The town grew from the 1840s through the late 1800s as a multiracial community. New Philadelphia was located in a region riven by racial ideologies and strife. Competing factions of proslavery elements and abolitionists clashed in western Illinois and the neighboring slave state of Missouri in the antebellum decades. No incidents of racial violence were reported to have occurred within the town. African-American residents of the community worked to obtain land and produce agricultural commodities. Others provided services as blacksmiths and carpenters. Through these enterprises they worked to defy the structural racism of the region that was meant to channel resources and economic value away from them.

Uprooting Racism: The Role of Nurses in Cultivating Improved Maternal Outcomes for Black and African American Women

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-65
Author(s):  
Jacquelyn McMillian-Bohler ◽  
Angela Richard-Eaglin
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
African American ◽  
African American Women ◽  
Allostatic Load ◽  
The United States ◽  
Individual Risk ◽  
Maternal Outcomes ◽  
Structural Racism ◽  
Practice Nurses ◽  
Individual Risk Factors

After controlling for education, socioeconomic status, and genetic factors, Black and African American patients in the United States are three to four times more likely to die in childbirth than are White patients. The literature is replete with strategies to improve maternal outcomes for Black and African American patients. Existing strategies focus on addressing poverty and individual risk factors to reduce maternal mortality, yet maternal outcomes are not improving for these patients in the United States. Recent literature suggests that a nuanced approach that considers the effects of individual and structural racism could improve maternal outcomes, especially for Black and African American patients. As nurses comprise the largest component of the health-care system, their collective power and influence can provide a powerful tool for dismantling structural racism. Some important concepts to consider regarding the care of the Black and African American population are cultural intelligence (CQ), allostatic load, and humanitarian ethos. By developing CQ and consistently including the four CQ capabilities (drive/motivation, knowledge/cognition, strategy/metacognition, and behavior/action) in all aspects of practice, nurses can help to uproot racism and cultivate experience to improve maternal health outcomes for Black and African American patients.

Cuba Calls: African American Tourism, Race, and the Cuban Revolution, 1959–1961

2013 ◽  
Vol 93 (2) ◽  
pp. 239-271 ◽  
Author(s):  
Devyn Spence Benson
Keyword(s):  
African American ◽  
African Americans ◽  
Public Relations ◽  
The United States ◽  
Racial Violence ◽  
Cuban Revolution ◽  
Race And Racism ◽  
White American ◽  
One Year ◽  
World Champion

Abstract This essay explores the role that conversations about race and racism played in forming a partnership between an African American public relations firm and the Cuban National Tourist Institute (INIT) in 1960, just one year after Fidel Castro’s victory over Fulgencio Batista. The article highlights how Cuban revolutionary leaders, Afro-Cubans, and African Americans exploited temporary transnational relationships to fight local battles. Claiming that the Cuban Revolution had eliminated racial discrimination, INIT invited world champion boxer Joe Louis and 50 other African Americans to the island in January 1960 to experience “first class treatment — as first class citizens.” This move benefited Cuban revolutionary leaders by encouraging new tourism as the number of mainstream white American travelers to the island declined. The business venture also allowed African Americans to compare racial violence in the US South to the supposed integrated racial paradise in Cuba and foreshadowed future visits by black radicals, including NAACP leader Robert F. Williams. The politics expressed by Cuban newspapers and travel brochures, however, did not always fit with the lived experiences of Afro-Cubans. This essay uncovers how Afro-Cubans threatened national discourses by invoking revolutionary promises to denounce continued racial segregation in the very facilities promoted to African American tourists. Ultimately, ideas about race did not just cross borders between Cuba and the United States in 1960. Rather, they constituted and constructed those borders as Afro-Cubans used government claims to reposition themselves within the new revolutionary state.

scholarly journals A Comparative Study: Anxiety as an Impact of Slavery in Toni Morrison’s Beloved and William Faulkner’s Absalom, Absalom!

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 18
Author(s):  
Bhakti Satrio Nugroho
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
African American ◽  
Sigmund Freud ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
The United States ◽  
Comparative Approach ◽  
American Novels ◽  
Antebellum Period ◽  
Psychological Element ◽  
American Society

This paper discusses the anxiety as an impact of slavery reflected in two outstanding African-American novels: Toni Morrison’s Beloved and William Faulkner’s Absalom, Absalom!. These novels are set in around the slavery period which shows how cruel and brutal slavery practices in the United States. The plots consist of some traditions and beliefs among White and African-American which have emerged since the antebellum period. By using a comparative approach, this paper focuses on the types of anxiety mentioned by Sigmund Freud. The analysis shows that both neurotic and moral anxieties play a pivotal psychological element throughout the intense “black-white” binary narratives. In this case, Toni Morrison’s Beloved consists of neurotic anxiety in the form of trauma experienced by Sethe and William Faulkner’s Absalom, Absalom! consist of moral anxiety in the form of shame for having Negro bloodline in aristocrat Southern plantation culture. Both novels show that slavery, whether it stands as a tradition or as an economic value, has significantly shaped the direction of American society.

Conclusion

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ira Dworkin
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
African American ◽  
Black People ◽  
The United States ◽  
Racial Violence ◽  
George Washington ◽  
Black Lives Matter ◽  
Trayvon Martin

The conclusion notes the ways that Malcolm X’s criticism of U.S. policy in the Congo, which he finds consistent with a larger disregard for the lives of Black people, globally conceived, is echoed in the words and actions of Black Lives Matter activists, who organized following the murder of Trayvon Martin in Sanford, Florida, and the failure to prosecute his killer. Sanford is a town founded by Henry Shelton Sanford, who represented the United States at the Berlin Conference and worked as a lobbyist for King Leopold II, which helped to fund his Florida empire. This chapter notes that Sanford was directly at odds with George Washington Williams during their lifetime and up until their deaths, which suggests that the Congo appears as an integral part of the landscape of U.S. racial violence and that African American critics of colonialism have always been willing to use their voices to say so.

Surmounting Adversities in the Land of Lincoln

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher C. Fennell
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
African American ◽  
Historical Analysis ◽  
The United States ◽  
Equal Rights ◽  
Structural Racism ◽  
History Of ◽  
Sundown Towns ◽  
Almost All

The history of New Philadelphia illustrates significant elements of the systemic impacts of racism on citizens and communities in the United States. Similar experiences are presented in the development of other communities that struggled against such adversities. This chapter examines additional case studies of structural racism in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries in Illinois. In his study of “sundown towns,” James Loewen found that many Illinois towns engaged in extensive discrimination in this period. Such sundown jurisdictions permitted African Americans access to their terrain as laborers during the day, but not as residents. His research showed that “almost all all-white towns and counties in Illinois were all-white on purpose” by the early twentieth century. In contrast, other communities embodied African-American aspirations. Fennell examines such racial dynamics using examples from archaeological and historical analysis of three more African-American communities in Illinois: Miller Grove, Brooklyn, and the Equal Rights settlement outside of Galena.

The Rosewood Massacre

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward González-Tennant
Keyword(s):  
Racial Inequality ◽  
Census Data ◽  
The United States ◽  
Racial Violence ◽  
Power Structures ◽  
Remotely Sensed Data ◽  
Race Riot ◽  
New Methods ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Town

The Rosewood Massacre investigates the 1923 race riot that, in a weeklong series of events, devastated the predominantly African American community of Rosewood, Florida. The town was burned to the ground by neighboring Whites, and its citizens fled for their lives, never to return. None of the perpetrators were convicted. Very little documentation of the event and the ensuing court hearings survives today. The only signs that there was once a vibrant town are a scattering of structural remains and a historical marker erected in 2004 declaring the site a Florida Heritage Landmark. Drawing on new methods and theories, Edward González-Tennant uncovers important elements of the forgotten history of Rosewood. He uses a mix of techniques such as geospatial analysis, interpretation of remotely sensed data, analysis of census data and property records, oral history, and the excavation and interpretation of artifacts from the site to reconstruct the local landscape. González-Tennant interprets these and other data through an intersectional framework, acknowledging the complex ways class, race, gender, and other identities compound discrimination. This allows him to explore the local circumstances and broader sociopolitical power structures that led to the massacre, showing how the event was a microcosm of the oppression and terror suffered by African Americans and other minorities in the United States. González-Tennant connects these historic forms of racial violence to present-day social and racial inequality and argues that such continuities demonstrate the need to make events like the Rosewood massacre public knowledge.

Engaging Communities in the Heartland: An Archaeology of a Multi-Racial Community

2009 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 11-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Shackel
Keyword(s):  
African American ◽  
Local Community ◽  
Public Memory ◽  
Family Members ◽  
Non Profit ◽  
Pike County ◽  
National Significance ◽  
The Town

In 2002, I received an invitation along with other colleagues to work with a non-profit group to help explore the history and development of a town known as New Philadelphia, Illinois. New Philadelphia is the earliest known town legally founded by a free African American, Frank McWorter. In the early 1830s McWorter purchased land, and by 1836 he platted and registered the town in the Pike County Courthouse. He sold town lots, and with the proceeds, purchased a total of 16 family members out of bondage (Walker 1983). I was contacted because the local community thought this heroic story should be part of the national public memory. The community asked professionals to help develop a long-term heritage project with the goal of making the place and its history part of the national public memory because of national significance. The town site has the potential to tell the story of freedom in a racist society.

Remaking the #Syllabus: Crowdsourcing Resistance Praxis as Critical Public Pedagogy

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 222-241
Author(s):  
Meredith D Clark
Keyword(s):  
South Carolina ◽  
White Supremacy ◽  
The United States ◽  
Racial Violence ◽  
Public Pedagogy ◽  
Intersectionality Theory ◽  
Course Syllabi ◽  
Ame Church ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Critical Public Pedagogy

Abstract Between 2014 and 2017, the creation of hashtag syllabi—bricolage iterations of reading lists created by or circulated among educators on Twitter—emerged as a direct response for teaching about three highly publicized incidents of racial violence in the United States. Educators used hashtags as a means of sharing resources with their networks to provide non-normative literatures from marginalized scholars for teaching to transgress in the wake of Mike Brown’s slaying in Ferguson, Missouri; the massacre of nine congregants at Emmanuel AME Church in Charleston, South Carolina; and the fatal car attack on anti-fascist protestors in Charlottesville, Virginia. Acting on Chakravartty et al.’s provocation to center scholars of color in course syllabi as a pedagogical strategy to disrupt the reification of white supremacy in communication and media studies, I consider the creation of three hashtag syllabi related to these events as a form of critical resistance praxis in the emerging framework of digital intersectionality theory. I present a brief textual analysis of the aforementioned syllabi, triangulated with data from online conversations linked to them via their hashtags and derivative works produced by their creators and users to map two social media assisted strategies for doing critical public pedagogy.

scholarly journals The Forensic Engineering in an Earthquake Scenario What We Can Expect When The Big One Hits

1988 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert E. Garrett
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
South Carolina ◽  
San Francisco ◽  
Mississippi River ◽  
Large Earthquake ◽  
The United States ◽  
Earthquake Damage ◽  
Earthquake Scenario ◽  
Richter Scale ◽  
Forensic Engineering

Many of you may not feel concerned regarding earthquake damage, and what may occur when the expected large earthquake of the magnitude which hit San Francisco in 1906 reoccurs. The experts tell us it is not a question of if, but when. And the when could be in the next decade or two. That is not just a California problem. Be aware that there are 39 states in the United States which may be subject to substantial earthquake damage. The largest earthquake ever in the United States was along the New Madrid fault in southeast Missouri. That occurred about 1812, and was estimated to be 8.3 to 8.7 on the Richter scale. Of course, there were no scales then, or many people there at the time. It did, however, rearrange the Mississippi River. If such an earthquake hit at this point today, Memphis and St. Louis would be leveled. There is also another known fault near Charleston, South Carolina. Boston has been hit by earthquakes. The upper tier of states near the St. Lawrence River is

Early Cultural Horizons in the Southeastern United States

1950 ◽  
Vol 15 (4Part1) ◽  
pp. 273-288
Author(s):  
Carl F. Miller
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
North Carolina ◽  
South Carolina ◽  
Mississippi River ◽  
The United States ◽  
Ohio River ◽  
Cultural Conditions ◽  
Northern Portion ◽  
Southern Half ◽  
Eastern Half

Since Haag's article “Early Horizons in the Southeast” appeared some time ago, considerable data have accumulated which further delimit the southeastern archaeological area. Instead of covering the area south of the Ohio River and east of the Mississippi River, as noted by Haag, it more nearly approximates that region covered by the eastern half of the state of Tennessee; the southern half of North Carolina; all of Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, South Carolina, and Florida; and the eastern portion of Louisiana—most of which lie in the Coastal Plain and in the northern portion of the Piedmont section. Climatic as well as physiographic and cultural conditions were determinants of the type and kind of aboriginal sites found in this geographical section of the United States.

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