“The White Wife Problem:” Sex, Race and the Contested Politics of Repatriation to Interwar British West Africa

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carina E. Ray
Keyword(s):  
West Africa ◽  
White Women ◽  
Interracial Marriage ◽  
West African ◽  
Interracial Couples ◽  
Economic Downturn ◽  
Race Riots ◽  
Legal Difficulties ◽  
The Impact

This essay explores the difficulties faced by interracial couples - primarily West African men and British or German women - in gaining acceptance in society in the interwar years in Britain and West Africa. It considers the impact of the 1919 race riots in Britain during the postwar economic downturn that left maritime, immigrant, and working class communities particularly impoverished and led to a surge in racism and backlash against non-British labourers. West African men were accused of ‘stealing’ both jobs and women, and white women accused of betraying their nation through interracial marriage. This hostility led to efforts at repatriation to West Africa, which colonial governments would often prevent through legislation. The second half of this essay is a case study of West African husbands and German wives, who caused tremendous legal difficulties to governments looking to cease repatriation. The case studies demonstrate that notions of sex, gender, class, nationality, and religion informed colonial policies that heavily impacted the migration efforts of interracial couples.

scholarly journals A Synoptic Review of Forestry and Forest Products Trade and Production in Africa- The Case of Wood and Non-Wood Forest Products in West Africa

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Adekunle Adesina ◽  
Zhu Jiangang ◽  
Tang Xiaolan
Keyword(s):  
West Africa ◽  
Natural Capital ◽  
Natural Habitat ◽  
Forest Products ◽  
West African ◽  
Warning Signs ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Forest Reserves ◽  
Impact Reduction ◽  
The Impact

According to this study, approximately half of Africa's forests are utilized primarily or partially for the production of wood and non-wood commodities. Aims to evaluate Africa's forestry and forest products, namely Wood Forest Products (WFPs) and Non-wood Forest Products (NWFPs) in the sixteen (16) West African countries. While adhering to the following guidelines: wood extraction and preparation, analyzing wood primarily used as an energy source in Africa, identifying non-wood forest products in Africa, the state of export, trade, and customs procedures in West Africa, and examining the role of forests and forest stakeholders in Africa's low-carbon economy transition. An exploratory literature review of selected wood forest products and non-wood forest products (plants and animals) in West Africa identifying the country, the natural land area with the natural habitat issues of the forest, the species most harvested and traded in the West African sub-region. The study reemphasized some government legislation, policies, and market trade failures and limitations while also stating that trees may help in the low-carbon revolution through interventions aimed at maintaining, improving, and restoring natural capital have demonstrated that high environmental requirements of sustainable forest management (SFM) may be met in both natural and planted forests. The study identified a systematic assessment of the most common forest products (wood and non-wood forest products) considering the available data on the national forest reserves of the selected countries in West Africa. The study also revealed the need for biodiversity conservation of the available forest reserves to help mitigate the impact of global warming targeting the United Nation’s Sustainable Development Goal 13- Climate Action. Which is focused on integrating climate change mitigation, adaptation, impact reduction, and early warning signs into the national policies, improving forest planning and management education, awareness-raising, and institutional capacity within the sub-region.

scholarly journals Spreading of SARS-CoV-2 in West Africa and assessment of risk factors

2020 ◽  
Vol 148 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Tinto ◽  
S. Salinas ◽  
A. Dicko ◽  
T. S. Kagone ◽  
I. Traore ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
West Africa ◽  
Climatic Factors ◽  
Geographic Area ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Continuous Increase ◽  
The Moment ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Hospital Equipment

Abstract Although the African continent is, for the moment, less impacted than the rest of the world, it still faces the risk of a spread of COVID-19. In this study, we have conducted a systematic review of the information available in the literature in order to provide an overview of the epidemiological and clinical features of COVID-19 pandemic in West Africa and of the impact of risk factors such as comorbidities, climatic conditions and demography on the pandemic. Burkina Faso is used as a case study to better describe the situation in West Africa. The epidemiological situation of COVID-19 in West Africa is marked by a continuous increase in the numbers of confirmed cases. This geographic area had on 29 July 2020, 131 049 confirmed cases by polymerase chain reaction, 88 305 recoveries and 2102 deaths. Several factors may influence the SARS-CoV-2 circulation in Africa: (i) comorbidities: diabetes mellitus and high blood pressure could lead to an increase in the number of severe cases of SARS-CoV-2; (ii) climatic factors: the high temperatures could be a factor contributing to slow the spread of the virus and (iii) demography: the West Africa population is very young and this could be a factor limiting the occurrence of severe forms of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Although the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 epidemic in West Africa is relatively slow compared to European countries, vigilance must remain. Difficulties in access to diagnostic tests, lack of hospital equipment, but also the large number of people working in the informal sector (such as trading, businesses, transport and restoration) makes it difficult to apply preventive measures, namely physical distancing and containment.

scholarly journals Modeling gas exchange and biomass production in West African Sahelian and Sudanian ecological zones

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (6) ◽  
pp. 3789-3812
Author(s):  
Jaber Rahimi ◽  
Expedit Evariste Ago ◽  
Augustine Ayantunde ◽  
Sina Berger ◽  
Jan Bogaert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
West Africa ◽  
Aboveground Biomass ◽  
Carbon Stocks ◽  
West African ◽  
Biogeochemical Model ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Mean Square Errors

Abstract. West African Sahelian and Sudanian ecosystems provide essential services to people and also play a significant role within the global carbon cycle. However, climate and land use are dynamically changing, and uncertainty remains with respect to how these changes will affect the potential of these regions to provide food and fodder resources or how they will affect the biosphere–atmosphere exchange of CO2. In this study, we investigate the capacity of a process-based biogeochemical model, LandscapeDNDC, to simulate net ecosystem exchange (NEE) and aboveground biomass of typical managed and natural Sahelian and Sudanian savanna ecosystems. In order to improve the simulation of phenology, we introduced soil-water availability as a common driver of foliage development and productivity for all of these systems. The new approach was tested by using a sample of sites (calibration sites) that provided NEE from flux tower observations as well as leaf area index data from satellite images (MODIS, MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer). For assessing the simulation accuracy, we applied the calibrated model to 42 additional sites (validation sites) across West Africa for which measured aboveground biomass data were available. The model showed good performance regarding biomass of crops, grass, or trees, yielding correlation coefficients of 0.82, 0.94, and 0.77 and root-mean-square errors of 0.15, 0.22, and 0.12 kg m−2, respectively. The simulations indicate aboveground carbon stocks of up to 0.17, 0.33, and 0.54 kg C ha−1 m−2 for agricultural, savanna grasslands, and savanna mixed tree–grassland sites, respectively. Carbon stocks and exchange rates were particularly correlated with the abundance of trees, and grass biomass and crop yields were higher under more humid climatic conditions. Our study shows the capability of LandscapeDNDC to accurately simulate carbon balances in natural and agricultural ecosystems in semiarid West Africa under a wide range of conditions; thus, the model could be used to assess the impact of land-use and climate change on the regional biomass productivity.

scholarly journals ANALISIS KREDIT BERMASALAH DILIHAT DARI STANDAR NON PERFORMING LOAN (NPL) PADA PT. BANK PERKREDITAN RAKYAT (BPR) PRIMA MULIA ANUGRAH CABANG PADANG

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arif Firmansyah ◽  
jhon fernos
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Approach ◽  
Public Confidence ◽  
Economic Downturn ◽  
Bank Capital ◽  
Study Analysis ◽  
Bad Faith ◽  
Case Study Analysis ◽  
The Impact

This research was aimed to know: (1) the cause of non performing loan at PT. BPR Prima Mulia Anugrah Padang branch in 2015-2017, (2) the impact of non performing loan to the profit of company in 2015-2017, (3) the effort which is done to overcome the non performing loan at PT. BPR Prima Mulia Anugrah Padang branch in 2015-2017. The data were collected by using interview and documentation. The data were analyzed using case study analysis with quantitative approach. The result of the study showed that (1) non performing loan to four accasioned factor, that is: the lack of officers accuracy in loan analysis, the bad faith of officers of PT BPR Prima Mulia Anugrah Padang branch, the lack of loan suvervision system, and economic downturn. (2) the impact of non performing loan toward the Bank were profit decreases, disruption of cash turnover, the reduce of the bank healty level, the reduce of bank capital, and decline in public confidence. (3) the effort which was done to overcome the non performing loan at PT. BPR Prima Mulia Anugrah Padang branch were restructuring, rescheduling, foreclosure bail, and loan deletion (account receivable deletion).

The Italo-Ethiopian conflict: A case study in British West African response to crisis diplomacy in the 1930s

1974 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 291-302 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. K. B. Asante
Keyword(s):  
West Africa ◽  
League Of Nations ◽  
West African ◽  
Fair Play ◽  
Special Relationship ◽  
Colonial Power ◽  
Black Race ◽  
Political Independence ◽  
Pan Africanism

This article attempts to examine the reaction of the anti-colonial nationalists in British West Africa to the diplomacy of their ruling colonial power with regard to the Italo-Ethiopian crisis of 1935–6. This reaction was largely influenced by the nationalists' claim to special relationship with Britain and their firm belief not only in British power but also in the British ‘gospel of equity and fair-play’. Consequently, when Britain and France, because of their obsession with the need for security, failed to protect the territorial integrity and political independence of the symbolic and sole surviving black empire of Ethiopia, these race- conscious nationalists rashly concluded that there was a concerted plot among the whites against the black race. This belief was reinforced first by the refusal of Britain and France to supply arms to Ethiopia during the conflict; secondly, by the infamous Hoare–Laval peace pact of December 1935, which would have compromised Ethiopia's independence had it been implemented; and thirdly, by British recognition of the Italian conquest of Ethiopia. Disenchantment with the League of Nations, coupled with the disillusionment with the diplomacy of the colonial powers during the crisis, led the articulate nationalists to begin seriously to reconsider their relationship with Britain and the whole doctrine of the ‘civilising mission’. Their nationalism shifted from the idea of working within the trusteeship concept to a more militant anti-white pan-Africanism.

From Sail to Steam: the Impact of the Steamship Services on the British Palm Oil Trade with West Africa, 1850–1890.

1989 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 227-245 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Lynn
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
West Africa ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
West African ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
The West ◽  
Important Impact ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
The Impact

In the late nineteenth century the West African palm oil trade entered a period of difficulties, characterized mainly by a fall in prices from the early 1860s. Part of the reason for this lay in the introduction of regular steamship services between Britain and West Africa from 1852. As steam came to replace sail so the palm oil trade underwent major changes. These changes can be quantified fairly precisely. One effect of the introduction of steamers was the concentration of the British side of the oil trade once again on Liverpool, its original centre. Another effect was the increase in the number of West African ports involved in the trade. The most important impact was the increase in numbers of traders in oil trade from around 25 to some 150. The resulting increased competition in the trade led to amal-gamations becoming increasingly common – a process that culminated in the formation of the African Association Ltd in 1889. It was also to provide the context for the pressure exerted by some traders for an increased colonial presence in the 1880s and 1890s.

Rethinking the Impact of Structural Adjustment Programs on Human Rights Violations in West Africa

2014 ◽  
Vol 13 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 87-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lotsmart Fonjong
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
West Africa ◽  
Structural Adjustment ◽  
West African ◽  
Human Rights Abuses ◽  
Structural Adjustment Programs ◽  
Liberalization Policy ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Public Demonstrations ◽  
Country Specific

Abstract In this article I argue that the worsening human rights situation of West Africa in the early 1990s was largely the creation of the structural adjustment policies (SAP) of the IMF/World Bank. The austerity measures implemented through SAP plunged the region into hardship, forcing the population to demand better living conditions through public demonstrations and protests. Attempts by the West African states to contain protesters led to further human rights abuses. The implementation of a common liberalization policy across board without taking into account the specificities of each country was counterproductive. In fact, some of the excesses recorded could have been avoided if SAPs had been country specific and human rights-based.

scholarly journals The Role of Finding Out in Type 2 Diabetes Management among West-African Immigrants Living in the UK

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (11) ◽  
pp. 6037
Author(s):  
Folashade Alloh ◽  
Ann Hemingway ◽  
Angela Turner-Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
West Africa ◽  
Diabetes Management ◽  
African Immigrants ◽  
West African ◽  
Theory Approach ◽  
The Uk ◽  
West African Immigrants ◽  
The Impact

Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) prevalence is three times higher among West African Immigrants compared to the general population in the UK. The challenges of managing T2DM among this group have resulted in complications. Reports have highlighted the impact of migration on the health of the immigrant population, and this has contributed to the need to understand the influence of living in West Africa, and getting diagnosed with T2DM, in the management of their condition in the UK. Using a qualitative constructivist grounded theory approach, thirty-four West African immigrants living in the UK were recruited for this study. All participants were interviewed using Semi-structured interviews. After coding transcripts, concepts emerged including noticing symptoms, delayed diagnosis, affordability of health services, beliefs about health, feelings at diagnosis, and emotions experienced at diagnosis all contribute to finding out about diagnosis T2DM. These factors were linked to living in West Africa, among participants, and played significant roles in managing T2DM in the UK. These concepts were discussed under finding out as the overarching concept. Findings from this study highlight important aspects of T2DM diagnosis and how lived experiences, of living in West Africa and the UK, contribute to managing T2DM among West African immigrants. The findings of this study can be valuable for healthcare services supporting West African immigrants living in the UK.

scholarly journals IMPACT OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH ON SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AMONGST RESIDENTS OF CALABAR METROPOLIS IN CROSS RIVER STATE, NIGERIA. WEST AFRICA; A CASE STUDY OF CALABAR GARMENT FACTORY

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (11) ◽  
pp. 121-129
Author(s):  
Bright Ewona ◽  
Asuquo Bassey ◽  
Andy Ugumanim ◽  
Mercy Ukpong ◽  
Dorathy Ikwen
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
West Africa ◽  
Environmental Health ◽  
Environmental Conservation ◽  
Cross River ◽  
Cross River State ◽  
Garment Factory ◽  
Environmental Induction ◽  
The Impact

This research paper was geared toward unraveling the impact of environmental health on sustainable development amongst residents of Calabar metropolis in Cross River State, Nigeria, West Africa. In pursuant of this objective, three research questions were raised to guide the study- To what extent does environmental induction course influence sustainable development among residents of Calabar metropolis? does environmental wastes recycling affect sustainable development among residence of Calabar metropolis? and to what extend does environmental conservation influence sustainable development among residents of Calabar metropolis. A sample size of 200 respondents was considered for the study. The instrument used for data collection was a 20 - items questionnaire which was validated by research experts on health discipline. Split half reliability estimate was implored to ascertain the reliability of the instrument while simple percentage was used to analyze the data collected. From the results of our findings, possible recommendations were made to ensure sustainability of our environmental resources to enhance sustainable development.

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