scholarly journals Investigating Understandings of Turkish Medical Graduate Students about Nature of Scientific Knowledge, Scientific Method, Characteristics of Scientists and Definition of Science

2012 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mustafa Serdar Köksal ◽  
Burcu Köksal
Keyword(s):  
Graduate Students ◽  
Scientific Knowledge ◽  
Scientific Method ◽  
Medical Graduate ◽  
Definition Of

»Es ist so, weil ich es so mache.« Fichtes Methode der Konstruktion

2020 ◽  
Vol 48 ◽  
pp. 389-412
Author(s):  
Jelscha Schmid ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Knowledge ◽  
Knowledge Production ◽  
Scientific Method ◽  
Normative Theory ◽  
Philosophical Method ◽  
Geometrical Construction ◽  
Science Of Science ◽  
Scientific Knowledge Production ◽  
Science Philosophy ◽  
Definition Of

In this paper I develop an account of Fichte’s conception of philosophical construction. Following the latter’s definition of philosophy as the ‘science of science’, philosophy is to be understood as a normative theory of what should qualify as science. In order to ground scientific knowledge-production as such, philosophy itself has to acquire a scientific method, through the application of which the constitution of scientific knowledge is secured. In systematic continuity to Kant’s account of geometrical construction, Fichte develops a philosophical method that exploits the special epistemic conditions of performativity. Construction is then defined as an experimental, self-reflexive performance that exemplifies consciousness. Throughout its acts of exemplification this reflexive kind of self-observation yields a particular type of experience, which ultimately satisfies the Science of Knowledge’s demand for certainty, that is intellectual intuition.Der vorliegende Aufsatz zeichnet Fichtes Verständnis der philosophischen Methode der Konstruktion nach. Folgend aus seiner Bestimmung der Philosophie als ‘Wissenschaft der Wissenschaft’ ergibt sich als deren Gegenstand das Wesen des Wissens selbst; Wissenschaftslehre als normative Wissenschaftstheorie bestimmt, was als wissenschaftlicher Bezug auf Welt gelten darf und stellt diesen zugleich sicher. Philosophie als Wissenschaft thematisiert also gerade die Natur jenes ausgezeichneten epistemischen Bezugs. Seine Sicherstellung erfolgt über eine Ausweisung der Wissenschaftlichkeit des philosophischen Verfahrens selbst, der Konstruktion. In systematischer Kontinuität zu Kants Beschreibung der geometrischen Konstruktion entwickelt Fichte eine philosophische Methode, welche sich die speziellen epistemischen Bedingungen des Selbst-Handelns zunutze macht. Konstruktion wird schließlich als experimenteller, selbstreflexiver Vollzug der Exemplifikation von Bewusstsein bestimmt. Dieses reflektierende Selbstbeobachten im Akt der Exemplifikation wiederum führt zu einer spezifischen Form von Erfahrung, welche ihrerseits der Wissenschaftslehre die geforderte Gewissheit verleiht: der intellektuellen Anschauung.

Students' Perception of a Difficult Case in Psychotherapy

1997 ◽  
Vol 81 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-75
Author(s):  
Sylvia A. Linares ◽  
Freddy A. Paniagua ◽  
Michael O'Boyle
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Social Work ◽  
Graduate Students ◽  
Difficult Case ◽  
Health Practice ◽  
Mental Health Practice ◽  
Present Sample ◽  
Definition Of

Paniagua, et al. suggested that the definition of a “difficult” case in psychotherapy implies a relational definition involving the characteristics of the patient, the case, and the therapist. This study concerned this hypothesis with 44 graduate students in social work who received the Difficult Case Questionnaire representing examples of variables across each domain, e.g., motivation of the client, nature of the disorder, generic factors, and orientation of the therapist. The results were compared with the 1993 findings reported by Paniagua, et al., for a group of professionals in mental health practice. As in the earlier study, the present sample also agreed that, although all such domains are important in the formulation of that definition, their importance is not equal. Whereas professionals rated patient's, case's, and therapist's characteristics as the most important order of domains in that definition, students in this study agreed on the order of therapist's, patient's, and case's characteristics.

Aristotle’s Definition of Scientific Knowledge (APo 71b 9–12)

2016 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 140-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucas Angioni
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Knowledge ◽  
Posterior Analytics ◽  
Way Of Knowing ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Way

In Posterior Analytics 71b9–12, we find Aristotle’s definition of scientific knowledge. The definiens is taken to have only two informative parts: scientific knowledge must be knowledge of the cause and its object must be necessary. However, there is also a contrast between the definiendum and a sophistic way of knowing, which is marked by the expression “kata sumbebekos”. Not much attention has been paid to this contrast. In this paper, I discuss Aristotle’s definition paying due attention to this contrast and to the way it interacts with the two conditions presented in the definiens. I claim that the “necessity” condition ammounts to explanatory appropriateness of the cause.

scholarly journals Forensic Engineering And The Scientific Method

2009 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura L. Liptai
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Method ◽  
Knowledge Engineering ◽  
Analytical Framework ◽  
Education Experience ◽  
Forensic Engineering ◽  
Investigative Technique ◽  
Ultimate Objective ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Prevention Methods ◽  
Engineering Investigation

The Scientific Method Is Utilized In Order To Understand The Relationship Among Observations Of Physical Phenomena, While Minimizing The Influence Of Human Bias And Maximizing Objectivity. Specific Procedures For The Application Of The Scientific Method Vary From One Field Of Science To Another, But The Investigative Technique Universally Provides For An Analytical Framework To Acquire, Collect And/Or Integrate Knowledge. Engineering Forensics Involves The Analysis Of The Parameters Or Cause(S) Of Incidents Or Failures And/Or Hypothetical Prevention Methods. Engineering Analysis Of Forensic Problems Is A Multifaceted, Multidisciplinary Pursuit That Is Often Wide In Scope. Forensic Engineering Generally Applies Existing Science In Conjunction With The Knowledge, Education, Experience, Training And Skill Of The Practitioner To Seek Solution(S). The Scientific Method, Including Definition Of A Null Hypothesis, Is Rarely Utilized In Forensics As New Science Is Rarely Required. A Forensic Engineering Investigation Typically Involves The Application Of Long Established Science (Newtons Laws, For Example). Forensic Engineering Encompasses The Systematic Search For Knowledge Necessitating The Observation And Definition Of A Problem; The Collection Of Data Through Observation, Research, Experimentation And/Or Calculation; The Analysis Of Data; And The Development And Evaluation Of Findings And Opinions. The Ultimate Objective Of A Forensic Engineering Investigation Is Uncompromised Data Collection And Systematically Considered, Iteratively Derived And Objectively Balanced Conclusions.

Patents and Scientific Research

2015 ◽  
pp. 135-155
Author(s):  
Sulan Wong
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Business Model ◽  
Scientific Knowledge ◽  
Research Funding ◽  
Scientific Research ◽  
Patent System ◽  
Scientific Development ◽  
Patent Litigation ◽  
Definition Of

It is argued that patents encourage scientific development, benefiting society by creating useful products and services that improve the quality of life. However, by granting exclusive rights of exploitation, patents create situations in which they interfere with the exercise of the freedom of scientific research. This work examines five scenarios where this problem can be seen and the utilitarian function of patents is questioned. Firstly, the effects of research funding in the definition of the lines and research objectives are observed. Secondly, the anticommons is studied, as it is a situation where excessive fragmentation of ownership in scientific knowledge may prevent its use. Thirdly, broad patents and their implications are examined. Fourthly, the deterrent power of patent litigation, which creates an unexpected business model, is analyzed. Fifthly, secrecy is looked upon, as it is encouraged by the logic in which the patent system works.

Science and Identity in Social Work

2019 ◽  
pp. 43-56
Author(s):  
John Brekke
Keyword(s):  
Social Work ◽  
Behavior Change ◽  
Human Behavior ◽  
Scientific Knowledge ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Disciplinary Identity ◽  
Problems In Living ◽  
Scientific Disciplines ◽  
Multiple Levels ◽  
Definition Of

This chapter offers a definition of science that encompasses the interacting elements of theory, prediction, observation, and testing. The chapter also discusses disciplines and professions and their boundaries, capitalizing on the work of Abbott and Jacobs on interdisciplinarity. Disciplines are essential for science and learning, and interdisciplinarity is sometimes crucial to solving vexing problems in science—but “inter-” or “trans-” disciplinary work is only viable in the context of disciplines and disciplinary identity. A crucial linking construct in social work science is technology, which is the application of scientific knowledge to human life. In terms of identity, social work science has a dual focus on scientific understanding as well as on using and developing methods (technologies) for human behavior change on multiple levels. In many areas of society, the existence of scientific disciplines that merge with professions forms the nexus of understanding and technology for solving “problems in living.”

The Scientific Hypothesis Today

2019 ◽  
pp. 31-60
Author(s):  
Bradley E. Alger
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Method ◽  
Karl Popper ◽  
Major Focus ◽  
Critical Rationalism ◽  
Multiple Hypotheses ◽  
Scientific Hypothesis ◽  
Strong Inference ◽  
Key Features ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Good Hypothesis

Chapter 2 begins by reviewing the concept of the Scientific Method, as well as many outdated definitions of “hypothesis.” The discussion leads to the modern definition of the hypothesis as a conjectural explanation for a phenomenon; it is testable and falsifiable. The hypothesis serves as a blueprint and a summary of an investigation. Certain criticisms of the hypothesis and hypothesis-driven research are based on the older definitions of the term, and the book returns to them later. This chapter identifies and defines, with simple, nontechnical examples, concepts associated with the hypothesis, such as prediction and direct and indirect measurements. The philosophical programs of Karl Popper and John Platt, Critical Rationalism and Strong Inference, respectively, form a major focus of the chapter. The chapter explores the complexities of the concepts of falsification and corroboration and the importance of having multiple hypotheses. The chapter introduces the idea of the implicit hypothesis and ends with the presentation and discussion of key features of a good hypothesis.

Scientific Studies of Dreams and Dreaming in the Late 19th and Early 20th Centuries

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giorgia Morgese
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Scientific Knowledge ◽  
Scientific Method ◽  
Psychological Study ◽  
The 19Th Century

In the second half of the 19th century, the study of the phenomenon of the dream was undertaken with “scientific” method, by physicians, physiologists, and psychiatrists before the birth of the “myth” advanced by Freud who claimed for psychoanalysis the birthright of the psychological study of dreams. The article highlights the long and varied process of obtaining scientific knowledge of dreams and the dreaming process, and sheds light on researchers and traditions that have not received as much attention as they should have.

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