scholarly journals Contribution to the knowledge of three Indian Spermacoce L. (Rubiaceae) and some preliminary information about their pollination ecology

2017 ◽  
pp. 111-126 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aluri Jacob Solomon Raju ◽  
Janga Radhakrishna
Keyword(s):  
Seed Dispersal ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Pollination Ecology ◽  
Distribution Range ◽  
Preliminary Information ◽  
Seed Output

Se han descrito caracteres taxonómicos no documentados para Spermacoce hispida L. y Spermacoce articularis L. S. hispida es bimórfica. Las flores son débilmente protándrica, nectaríferas y auto-polinizadoras. Las mariposas, las abejas y los trips son importantes como polinizadores. El conjunto de fruta natural más elevado que se evidencia en estas especies se atribuye a autopolinización y entomofilia. Los frutos la dehiscencia es septicida en S. hispida y S. articularis, y circunscisa en Spermacoce pusilla Wall. La dispersión de las semillas es anemo-, baro-, ombro- e hidrocórica. Estas especies ocupan diferentes hábitats para evitar la competencia por los polinizadores y maximizar la producción de semillas y ampliar su rango de distribución. Undocumented taxonomic characters have been described for Spermacoce hispida L. and Spermacoce articularis L. S. hispida is bimorphic. The flowers are weakly protandrous, nectariferous and self-pollinating. Butterflies, bees and thrips are important as pollinators. The highest natural fruit set evidenced in these species is attributed to auto-selfing and entomophily. Fruits dehisce septicidally in S. hispida and S. articularis and circumscissile mode in Spermacoce pusilla Wall. Seed dispersal is anemo-, baro-, ombro- and hydro-chorous. These species occupy different habitats to avoid competition for pollinators and maximize seed output and expand their distribution range.

Living with Other Flowers: Competition and Pollination Ecology

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pat Willmer
Keyword(s):  
Gene Flow ◽  
Seed Dispersal ◽  
Female Choice ◽  
Intraspecific Competition ◽  
Pollen Dispersal ◽  
Male Competition ◽  
Pollination Ecology ◽  
Potential Outcomes ◽  
Selective Force ◽  
Genetic Level

This chapter examines competition in the context of pollination ecology. Competition is typically treated from the perspective of the plants, but it is also likely to occur among and between the pollinators. Furthermore, competition can occur at various levels—as a structuring factor in communities, as a selective force on an individual plant’s phenology, morphology, or rewards, and at a genetic level structuring competition for pollens between males, and female choice between possible mates. The chapter first considers several types of of competition in pollination ecology, potential outcomes of competition, and competition between pollinators before discussing how selection reduces intraspecific competition among plants and competition among pollinators. It also explores paternity, maternity, and gene flow in coflowering communities, focusing in particular on male competition and female choice, along with gene flow via pollen dispersal and seed dispersal.

Vertebrate pollination of the endemic Trochetia granulata (Malvaceae) on Réunion

2013 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 353-356 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothée Le Péchon ◽  
Mickaël Sanchez ◽  
Laurence Humeau ◽  
Luc D.B. Gigord ◽  
Li-Bing Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Apis Mellifera ◽  
Honey Bee ◽  
Breeding System ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Pollination Ecology ◽  
Floral Traits ◽  
Compatibility Studies ◽  
Video Recordings ◽  
Hand Pollination ◽  
Pollen Vector

Abstract:The pollination ecology and breeding system of Trochetia granulata (Malvaceae), an endemic tree species from Réunion were studied. In 2010–2011, compatibility studies were conducted on a total of 154 flowers from 35 different individuals using three different hand pollination treatments: (a) autofertility, (b) self-pollination and (c) cross-pollination. During the period, we also studied the pollination ecology of T. granulata. During 48 h of video recordings, we tracked flower visits to T. granulata in six different sites and studied the behaviour of the visitors. The results from the hand-cross experiments show that T. granulata is self-compatible (60.8% fruit set) but cannot produce fruit (5.4% fruit set) without the visit of a pollen vector. During surveys, four different visitors were reported: the introduced honey bee (Apis mellifera), two endemic species of white-eye (Zosterops borbonicus borbonicus and Z. olivaceus) and the endemic Réunion day gecko (Phelsuma borbonica). This study documented a new case of vertebrate-pollination by lizard and birds in an insular context. These interactions might be linked to several uncommon floral traits of Trochetia species.

Pollination ecology of the dioecious tree Commiphora guillauminii in Madagascar

2004 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 307-316 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nina Farwig ◽  
Emile F. Randrianirina ◽  
Friederike A. Voigt ◽  
Manfred Kraemer ◽  
Katrin Böhning-Gaese
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Pollen Limitation ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Pollination Ecology ◽  
Floral Display ◽  
Flower Visitation ◽  
Visitation Rates ◽  
Male Flowers ◽  
Female Flowers

In dioecious plant species differences in morphology and resources between female and male flowers can have consequences for flower visitation rates. Female flowers sometimes lack pollen and can be less attractive to pollinators than male flowers. We studied the pollination ecology of the dioecious tree Commiphora guillauminii in a dry deciduous forest in western Madagascar. We recorded floral display, visiting insect species and visitation rates for female and male trees. The results showed that female trees produce significantly larger but fewer flowers per inflorescence than male ones. Number of flowers per tree did not differ between the sexes. During 270 observation-hours we observed 17 insect and two bird species visiting the flowers. Mean visitation rates of male flowers were 6.1 times higher than those of female flowers (1.07 vs. 0.18 visitors per flower h−1). Visitation rates to female and male trees showed similar daily and seasonal patterns. Fruit set (2.9%) was low, which could have been caused by pollinator or pollen limitation. This study suggests that dioecy may pose a risk for fruit set and, potentially, reproductive success for plant species with depauperate pollinator faunas on islands such as Madagascar.

scholarly journals Pollination Ecology of the Species Mollugo cerviana (L.) Ser. (Molluginaceae)

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 13-22
Author(s):  
Sulakshana Maddala ◽  
Jacob Solomon Raju Aluri
Keyword(s):  
Seed Dispersal ◽  
Seed Set ◽  
Feeding Activity ◽  
Pollination Ecology ◽  
Insect Pollination ◽  
Annual Herb ◽  
Fruit And Seed Set

Abstract Mollugo cerviana is an annual herb which usually grows throughout the year in open dry sandy and sandy-loamy soils, but also occurs in moist habitats, especially in cultivated lands. Haplothrips uses the flowers for breeding and feeding; the feeding activity affects pollination. The flowers have specialized floral structural and functional behaviours for self-induced and spontaneous autogamy while keeping the options open for insect pollination after anthesis; it is facultative autogamous which is reflected in pollen-ovule ratio and natural fruit and seed set rates. Seed dispersal modes include anemochory, ombrohydrochory and hydrochory.

Low fruit set in a dioecious tree: pollination ecology of Commiphora harveyi in South Africa

2005 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 179-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
Friederike A. Voigt ◽  
Stefanie Jung ◽  
Nina Farwig ◽  
Katrin Böhning-Gaese
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Seasonal Pattern ◽  
Pollination Ecology ◽  
Insect Species ◽  
Floral Display ◽  
Visitation Rate ◽  
Visitation Rates ◽  
Hand Pollination

Dioecious plant species differ in floral morphology and rewards between females and males. Pistillate flowers on female plants often lack pollen and can be less attractive to pollinators, which can have consequences for the visitation rates of the sexes. We studied the pollination ecology of the dioecious tree Commiphora harveyi in a coastal scarp forest in eastern South Africa. Floral display, visiting insect species, visitation rate and natural fruit set were recorded. Additionally, we pollinated flowers by hand to determine experimental fruit set. We found that male trees had more and larger flowers per inflorescence than female trees. Both sexes produced nectar in low amounts. During 203.5 h of observation we recorded 28 insect species visiting the flowers. No difference in mean visitation rate (0.20 visits per flower h−1) was recorded between the sexes. The daily and seasonal pattern was similar between the sexes. The natural fruit set was low (3.8%) and increased significantly with hand-pollination (45.5%), an indication of pollen limitation. We compared our results with the pollination ecology of C. guillauminii in Madagascar, a dioecious tree species on an island with a depauperate pollinator fauna. This comparison revealed a similar pattern with low visitation rates, low insect diversity and low fruit set, suggesting that this pattern may be more common in dioecious tree species than previously reported in the literature.

scholarly journals Pollination ecology of Merremia tridentata (L.) Hallier f. (Convolvulaceae)

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 11339
Author(s):  
G. Lakshminarayana ◽  
A.J. Solomon Raju
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Soil Erosion ◽  
Seed Dispersal ◽  
Rainy Season ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Pollination Ecology ◽  
Pollination Syndromes ◽  
Woody Root ◽  
Root Stock

Merremia tridentata is a twining and prostrate herb.  The flowers are campanulate, bisexual, weakly protandrous, self-compatible and facultative autogamous.  The forager guilds indicate that thripsophily, melittophily and psychophily are functional pollination syndromes.  Ballistichory, anemochory and hydrochory are the seed dispersal modes.  Seeds germinate as soon as they reach the ground if the soil has sufficient moisture or else they remain dormant and germinate during the rainy season.  Such seed dispersal modes and flexible germination responses enable the plant to invade and colonize new areas.  Further, the plant with perennial woody root stock stays alive during the dry season, sprouts back to life during the rainy season to re-start its life cycle.  The dual modes of regeneration enable the plant to form extensive herbaceous cover and bind the soil effectively.  Therefore, the plant is an important soil binder and useful at controlling soil erosion. 

scholarly journals Pollination Ecology of Rhynchosia Heynei Wight and Arn. (Leguminosae), An Endemic Medicinal Herbaceous Shrub Species of Peninsular India

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 32-44
Author(s):  
A. J. Solomon Raju ◽  
K. Venkata Ramana
Keyword(s):  
Andhra Pradesh ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Nutrient Content ◽  
Pollination Ecology ◽  
Eastern Ghats ◽  
Peninsular India ◽  
Regeneration Rate ◽  
Medicinal Value ◽  
Root Stock ◽  
Explosive Pollination

 Rhynchosia heynei is an endemic shrub in dry deciduous forests of peninsular India. It is medicinally important and used locally for the treatment of different diseases. Despite its medicinal value and endemic status, no studies were made on the pollination ecology of this shrub to understand the factors leading to its endemic status. In this connection, the standard protocols were followed for the systematic study of the pollination in the Nallamalai forest of Eastern Ghats of Andhra Pradesh. The study indicated that the plant produces nectariferous bisexual flowers. The flowers were self-compatible and equipped with explosive pollination mechanism adapted for melittophily. The fruit set occurred through self and cross-pollination. Mature and dry pods dehisce explosively to disperse seeds. Regeneration occurred through perennial root stock and seeds during rainy season but the regeneration rate is poor due to rocky and dry habitat with little moisture and nutrient content. Journal of Institute of Science and Technology Volume 22, Issue 2, January 2018, Page: 32-44 

scholarly journals Pollination ecology of three ecologically valuable carpetweed herbs, Mollugo cerviana, M. nudicaulis and M. pentaphylla (Molluginaceae)

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 13334-13349
Author(s):  
Maddala Sulakshana ◽  
Aluri Jacob Solomon Raju
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Seed Dispersal ◽  
Seed Coat ◽  
Seed Set ◽  
Pollination Ecology ◽  
Insect Pollination ◽  
Fruit And Seed Set

Mollugo cerviana, M. nudicaulis and M. pentaphylla are annual herbs which usually grow in open dry sandy and sandy/loamy soils, and also occur in moist habitats, especially cultivated lands.  The flowers possess five tepals, functional stamens and 3-carpelled ovary with several ovules and three stigmas.  M. nudicaulis and M. pentaphylla are pollinated by insects.  Haplothrips uses the flowers for breeding and feeding, which affects pollination.  These species have specialized floral structural and functional behaviours for self-induced and spontaneous autogamy while keeping the options open for insect pollination after anthesis.  They are facultative autogamous, which is reflected in pollen-ovule ratios and natural fruit and seed set rates.  Seed dispersal modes include anemochory, ombrohydrochory and hydrochory.  The seeds germinate immediately after their dispersal, and soil moisture is important in rupturing the seed coat.  These species are best adapted to survive in open dry habitats as they take advantage of any sign of temporary humidity to complete their life cycle quickly.

Phylogeography of the gray red-backed vole Craseomys rufocanus (Rodentia: Cricetidae) across the distribution range inferred from nonrecombining molecular markers

2012 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 137-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
N.I. Abramson ◽  
T.V. Petrova ◽  
N.E. Dokuchaev ◽  
E.V. Obolenskaya ◽  
A.A. Lissovsky
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Markers ◽  
Distribution Range

The effects of date pollinizer variety and pollination time on fruit set and yield of Medjhol date palm

2014 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 67-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdoul Amir Rahnama ◽  
Esmaeil Rahkhodaei
Keyword(s):  
Date Palm ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Male Flower ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Palm Fruit ◽  
Tropical Fruit ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Time Interaction ◽  
Female Flowers

Date palm is unisexual, being either male or female. Male and female flowers grow on buds called Spathe, which opens naturally when fully mature. It is easy to identify the male and female flowers. Under the method of manual pollination, pollen from a male flower is smeared over female flowers. The pollen variety and pollination time have important effects on date palm fruit set, yield and quality. This experiment was carried out to study the effect of date pollinizer variety and pollination time on fruit set, growth and development of Medjhol date palm variety, in date palm garden of date palm and tropical fruit research institute of Iran during three years from 2009 to 2011. The trail was randomized complete block design in factorial manner with three pollen variety as Ghaname, Vardy, and Samesmave, two pollination time as 1-3 days before or after spathe opening and four replication. The results showed that the Vardy pollen had significant effects and increased the fertility percent and fruit yield, rather than two other pollen varieties. The pollen variety had no significant effects on fruit quality as total sugar, acidity, and bricx. The pollination time before spathe opening significantly increased fertility percent, decreased fruit weight and date palm yield. Finally the pollen variety and pollination time interaction effects showed that, application of Vardy pollen from 1-3 days after spathe opening with the most production date palm yield, equal 19.9 kilogram per any date palm trees, so this treatment is the best and are recommended.

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