scholarly journals Inconsistencies among secondary sources of chukar partridge (Alectoris chukar) introductions to the United States

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael P Moulton ◽  
Wendell P Cropper, Jr ◽  
Andrew J Broz
Keyword(s):  
Propagule Pressure ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
The United States ◽  
Establishment Success ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
Alectoris Chukar ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Species Characteristics ◽  
Chukar Partridge

An important source of information concerning the fates of intentionally introduced exotic bird species has been collections of historical data that sometimes include species released, numbers released, locations of release, and establishment success. These data have been used to assess potential predictors of establishment success such as propagule pressure, site-level factors, and species characteristics. In order to better understand the limitations of such historical compilations, we compared data for the Chukar (Alectoris chukar) introductions to the USA from two often used compilations and from other sources associated with Chukar introduction programs. We found the major compilations of Long (1981) and Lever (1987) are inconsistent and likely to be incomplete, and inaccurate, in terms of the taxa introduced, the numbers introduced, and the fates of these introductions. Propagule pressure analyses have often assumed that every bird in every release must be summed to represent the propagule pressure necessary for establishment. We found, however, that large numbers of birds were released into states and counties with already established populations. Additionally, in numerous states very large numbers of Chukars were unsuccessfully released. We conclude that site-level factors were more important influences of establishment success than propagule pressure was.

scholarly journals Inconsistencies among secondary sources of chukar partridge (Alectoris chukar) introductions to the United States

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael P Moulton ◽  
Wendell P Cropper, Jr ◽  
Andrew J Broz
Keyword(s):  
Propagule Pressure ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
The United States ◽  
Establishment Success ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
Alectoris Chukar ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Species Characteristics ◽  
Chukar Partridge

An important source of information concerning the fates of intentionally introduced exotic bird species has been collections of historical data that sometimes include species released, numbers released, locations of release, and establishment success. These data have been used to assess potential predictors of establishment success such as propagule pressure, site-level factors, and species characteristics. In order to better understand the limitations of such historical compilations, we compared data for the Chukar (Alectoris chukar) introductions to the USA from two often used compilations and from other sources associated with Chukar introduction programs. We found the major compilations of Long (1981) and Lever (1987) are inconsistent and likely to be incomplete, and inaccurate, in terms of the taxa introduced, the numbers introduced, and the fates of these introductions. Propagule pressure analyses have often assumed that every bird in every release must be summed to represent the propagule pressure necessary for establishment. We found, however, that large numbers of birds were released into states and counties with already established populations. Additionally, in numerous states very large numbers of Chukars were unsuccessfully released. We conclude that site-level factors were more important influences of establishment success than propagule pressure was.

scholarly journals Inconsistencies among secondary sources of Chukar Partridge (Alectoris chukar) introductions to the United States

PeerJ ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. e1447 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael P. Moulton ◽  
Wendell P. Cropper ◽  
Andrew J. Broz
Keyword(s):  
Propagule Pressure ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
The United States ◽  
Historical Record ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
Alectoris Chukar ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Primary Determinant ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Chukar Partridge

The propagule pressure hypothesis asserts that the number of individuals released is the key determinant of whether an introduction will succeed or not. It remains to be shown whether propagule pressure is more important than either species-level or site-level factors in determining the fate of an introduction. Studies claiming to show that propagule pressure is the primary determinant of introduction success must assume that the historical record as reported by secondary sources is complete and accurate. Here, examine a widely introduced game bird, the Chukar (Alectoris chukar), to the USA. We compare the records reported by two secondary sources (Long, 1981; Lever, 1987) to those in a primary source (Christensen, 1970) and to a recent study by Sol et al. (2012). Numerous inconsistencies exist in the records reported by Sol et al. (2012), Long (1981) and Lever (1987) when compared to the primary record of Christensen (1970). As reported by Christensen (1970), very large numbers of Chukars were released unsuccessfully in some states. Our results strongly imply that factors other than sheer numbers are more important. Site-to-site differences are the most likely explanation for the variation in success.

scholarly journals Patterns of success in game bird introductions in the United States

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael P Moulton ◽  
Wendell P Cropper ◽  
Andrew J Broz ◽  
Salvador A Gezan
Keyword(s):  
Propagule Pressure ◽  
The United States ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Careful Evaluation ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Unique Method ◽  
Species Characteristics ◽  
Successful Establishment ◽  
Number Of Individuals

Better predictions of the success of species’ introductions require careful evaluation of the relative importance of at least three kinds of factors: species characteristics, characteristics of the site of introduction, and event-level factors such as propagule pressure. Historical records of bird introductions provide a unique method for addressing the relative importance of these factors. We compiled a list of introductions of 17 Phasianid species released in the USA during the Foreign Game Investigation Program (FGIP). These records indicate that releases for some Phasianid species in the USA continued long after establishment. For many of the 13 species that always failed, even numerous releases and large numbers of individuals per release were not enough for successful establishment, yet several of these species were successfully introduced elsewhere. Only four species were successful in at least one state. Yet, all four were unsuccessful either in other states, or in other regions of states where they were not already successfully established, or both. These results support the notion that the number of individuals released and the number of releases are less important than characteristics of the location where the introductions occurred.

scholarly journals Patterns of success in game bird introductions in the United States

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael P Moulton ◽  
Wendell P Cropper ◽  
Andrew J Broz ◽  
Salvador A Gezan
Keyword(s):  
Propagule Pressure ◽  
The United States ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Careful Evaluation ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Unique Method ◽  
Species Characteristics ◽  
Successful Establishment ◽  
Number Of Individuals

Better predictions of the success of species’ introductions require careful evaluation of the relative importance of at least three kinds of factors: species characteristics, characteristics of the site of introduction, and event-level factors such as propagule pressure. Historical records of bird introductions provide a unique method for addressing the relative importance of these factors. We compiled a list of introductions of 17 Phasianid species released in the USA during the Foreign Game Investigation Program (FGIP). These records indicate that releases for some Phasianid species in the USA continued long after establishment. For many of the 13 species that always failed, even numerous releases and large numbers of individuals per release were not enough for successful establishment, yet several of these species were successfully introduced elsewhere. Only four species were successful in at least one state. Yet, all four were unsuccessful either in other states, or in other regions of states where they were not already successfully established, or both. These results support the notion that the number of individuals released and the number of releases are less important than characteristics of the location where the introductions occurred.

scholarly journals The Increasing Investment of Real Estate in the Health System—A Comparison between the USA and Europe

Healthcare ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 1633
Author(s):  
Marta Bachmann ◽  
Stephanie Taha-Mehlitz ◽  
Vincent Ochs ◽  
Daniel. M. Frey ◽  
Bassey Enodien ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Real Estate ◽  
The United States ◽  
Validity And Reliability ◽  
Property Development ◽  
Medical Practitioners ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
Rehabilitation Centers ◽  
System A ◽  
Real Estate Investments ◽  
The Usa

Background: This study aimed to compare property development and increasing investment in real estate by the healthcare system organizations in the USA and Europe. Real estate investments have upsurged in healthcare due to the multiple benefits to patients and medical practitioners. Methods: The approach of acquiring data was through secondary sources and online questionnaires. The researchers applied inclusion and exclusion criteria by exclusively including the articles published after 2014 to ensure the validity and reliability of the information. Results: A total of 53.33% of the articles reviewed focused on the United States, while 46.67% concentrated on Europe. The development of real estate in healthcare is essential in both regions due to the challenges faced with the current infrastructure. Study Limitation: Currently, there are very few studies concentrating on the research topic. Conclusions: The USA and Europe should focus on increasing real estate investments in healthcare by focusing on hospitals and trusts, rehabilitation centers, and nursing homes.

Prevalence of parasites in selected captive bird species

2024 ◽  
Vol 84 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Noor ◽  
A. Javid ◽  
A. Hussain ◽  
S. M. Bukhari ◽  
I. Hussain ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bird Species ◽  
Meleagris Gallopavo ◽  
Blood Parasites ◽  
Dermanyssus Gallinae ◽  
Fecal Samples ◽  
Alectoris Chukar ◽  
Psittacula Krameri ◽  
Raillietina Echinobothrida ◽  
Chukar Partridge ◽  
Animal Sciences

Abstract Blood and fecal samples of chukar partridge (Alectoris chukar), albino pheasant (Phasianus colchicus), silver pheasant (Lophura nycthemera), rose-ringed parakeet (Psittacula krameri) and turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo) were analyzed to check parasitic prevalence. To record parasites these five avian species were placed kept in separate cages at Avian Conservation and Research Center, Department of Wildlife an Ecology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan. 100 fecal and 100 blood samples for each bird species were inspected to analyze internal parasites. During present study, 17 species of endoparasites 14 from fecal samples and three from blood were examined. Two species of ectoparasites i.e. mite Dermanyssus gallinae 42% and fowl ticks Args persicus 41%were studied. Blood parasites included Plasmodium juxtanucleare 50%, Leucoctoyzoon simond having parasitic prevalence 40%, and Aegyptinella pullorum having parasitic prevalence of 40%. Parasitic species recorded from fecal samples included 6 species of nematodes viz. Allodpa suctoria 2%. Syngamus trachea with parasitic prevalence of 60%, Capillaria annulata 37.5%, Ascardia galli 24%, Capillaria anatis 40% and Heterakis gallinarum 28.3%. Similarly, two species of trematodes viz. Prosthogonimus ovatus having parasitic prevalence of 50% and Prosthogonimus macrorchis 21% were also documented from fecal avian samples . Single cestode species Raillietina echinobothrida having parasitic prevalence of 72% and 3 protozoan species i.e. Eimeria maxima having parasitic prevalence of 21%, Giardia lamblia 41% and Histomonas meleagridis 18% were documented during corpological analysis. In our recommendation, proper sanitation, medication and vaccination of bird’s enclousres are suggested to avoid parasites.

Design, qualification and Shariah governance of stock screening methodologies in selected Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries in comparison with the United States

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 189-209
Author(s):  
Umayal Kasi ◽  
Junaina Muhammad
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Gulf Cooperation Council ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
Muslim Countries ◽  
Gcc Countries ◽  
Design Qualification ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Shariah Governance

Purpose This paper aims to compare and analyse the aspects of Shariah screening methodologies within the selected Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries as well as comparing the methodologies with the USA, and to examine how Shariah screening methodologies affect financing and investing activities of a firm. Design/methodology/approach Shariah screening methodologies within the selected GCC countries and between the GCC countries and the USA are compared on the basis of the data collected from secondary sources. Findings Design, qualification and Shariah governance set the Shariah screening methodologies within the GCC countries apart. Feasibility, duration, economic viability and funds required differentiate these Shariah screening methodologies between the GCC countries and the USA. Shariah screening methodologies implied in the USA is more stringent than in the GCC countries. Research limitations/implications The suggestions in this study include using a longer research timeline, examining many more number of countries’ Shariah screening methodologies and exploring other types of Shariah screening methodologies. Practical implications The possibility of generalising the implementation of strict and uniform Shariah screening methodologies across all the country-specific Shariah indices amongst Muslim nations, globally, is likely to benefit all the Muslim countries, by strengthening the understanding, interaction and economic co-operation amongst these countries. Social implications People’s needs can be tended to if Maqasid Al-Shariah (objectives of Shariah) is achieved through flexibility, dynamism and creativity within the social policy. Originality/value Aspects of Shariah screening methodologies are compared and contrasted within the selected GCC countries as well as between the GCC countries and the United States and the role of Shariah screening methodologies is examined in order to determine the extent of what is Shariah-Compliant and what is Non-Shariah Compliant for a firm.

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