Reclaiming the Atmospheric Commons

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leigh Raymond
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Trade Policy ◽  
Policy Change ◽  
Cap And Trade ◽  
Economic Interests ◽  
Large Power ◽  
The Public ◽  
Public Benefit ◽  
New Public ◽  
The Face

Reclaiming the Atmospheric Commons explains recent changes in emissions trading policy to address climate change with a new theory of sudden policy change. The new theory of “normative reframing” argues that policy change advocates can draw on the unique power of social norms to undermine support for existing policies and successfully promote new alternatives, even in the face of resistance from vested economic interests. The book uses this theory of “normative reframing” to explain the surprising and unexpected political decision to make large power companies pay for the rights to emit greenhouse gases for the first time under a so-called “cap and trade” policy, as implemented in the 2008 Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative (RGGI). The book provides evidence that a new “public benefit” frame was critical to making allowance auctions possible in RGGI, by going beyond typical polluter pays norms in environmental policy to also include norms regarding the fair distribution of public resources such as the atmosphere. The book also argues that the public benefit frame offers promising option for promoting new climate change policies in other contexts, including the EU ETS, California’s cap and trade policy, and the EPA’s new Clean Power Plan. The book also describes the wider implications of normative reframing as a strategy for creating policy change in many contexts beyond climate policy, including improving the ability of policy theories to predict which policies are likely to change suddenly in the future.

Introduction

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leigh Raymond
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Climate Policy ◽  
Policy Design ◽  
Main Argument ◽  
Economic Interests ◽  
Design Change ◽  
The Public ◽  
Public Benefit ◽  
New Public ◽  
First Time

This chapter introduces the main argument of the book: that the decision in RGGI to “reclaim the atmospheric commons” on behalf of the public by auctioning emissions allowances for the first time was possible due to a new normative frame promoted by environmental advocates. This new “public benefit” frame incorporated polluter pays and egalitarian norms to create a new policy design for auctions that paid greater attention to the distribution of the value of those allowances to the public at large. Taken together, this new frame and associated policy design constituted a new “public benefit model” for climate policy stressing the importance not only of making polluters pay, but also of dedicating those revenues to programs that benefit the public directly, such as subsidies for energy efficiency improvements or direct bill rebates. Using this new public benefit frame and policy design, change advocates were able to promote auctions successfully in RGGI in a surprising policy reversal from long-standing practice of giving such allowances away for free to powerful economic interests.

Other Applications of the Public Benefit Model and Normative Reframing

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leigh Raymond
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Carbon Tax ◽  
Eu Ets ◽  
Cap And Trade ◽  
Policy Changes ◽  
The Public ◽  
Public Benefit ◽  
Climate Policies ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
The U.S

After RGGI’s implementation in 2008, a series of political set backs led some to declare cap and trade “dead.” This chapter rejects the asserted demise of cap and trade, arguing that the public benefit model for climate policies offers the best hope for political progress. The chapter reviews post-2008 climate policies, noting thatdespite a few prominent failures,cap and trade with auction has become the most common approach to addressing climate change. In addition, the chapter documents how three policies—the EU ETS, California’s cap and trade program, and RGGI—used the public benefit frame to resist political challenges and strengthen their emissions goals. The chapter then describes additional potential applications for the public benefit model, including carbon tax policies and the new Clean Power Plan regulations promulgated by the U.S. EPA in 2015. As uses of the public benefit frame expand, the chapter notes, a key question for the future will be what types of policy designs will be perceived as “fitting” with the norms that constitute the frame. Finally, the chapter discusses how normative framing could improve the ability to understand and predict other sudden policy changes beyond the topic of climate change.

scholarly journals Cohesivity Fisheries Community in the Face of Climate Change on the Coast of Western Java

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Galuh Adriana ◽  
Nurmala K. Pandjaitan ◽  
Arya Hadi Dharmawan
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Collective Action ◽  
Collective Efficacy ◽  
Sense Of Community ◽  
Random Sampling ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Simple Random Sampling ◽  
Economic Interests ◽  
The Face ◽  
Study Population

<p>ABTRACT<br />The conditions of fishermen is very dependent with nature. Climate change that happening makes nature more difficult to predict. That can make the living of fishermen more vulnerabel. Communities that have a strong cohesiveness will have a collective action to deal with climate change. The purpose of this study is to see the level of cohesiveness fisherman in the face of climate change. The method used is mix method using questionnaire, observation and in-depth interviews. The number of respondents was 100 people. The selection of respondents was done by simple random sampling technique, where the study population are members of “raskin” program from government. The results are fisheries community have a strong social capital, sense of community and community collective efficacy, which is produced strong cohesiveness. However, in reality what is perceived is not necessarily reflected in everyday life. Collective action found only in activities that support public facilities. However, collective action for the economic interests only occurs in certain interest groups. According the results can be argued that the level of fishing community cohesiveness is high, but only produce preparadness for climate change.<br />Keywords: social cohesion, collective action, fisheries community</p><p><br />ABSTRAK<br />Kehidupan nelayan sangat bergantung dengan alam. Perubahan iklim yang terjadi membuat alam semakin sulit untuk diprediksi. Kondisi tersebut membuat kehidupan nelayan semakin vulnerabel. Komunitas yang memiliki kohesivitas yang kuat akan memiliki aksi kolektif untuk menghadapi perubahan iklim. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat derajat kohesivitas komuitas nelayan dalam mengahadapi perubahan iklim. Metode yang digunakan adalah mix method dengan menggunakan kuesioner, observasi dan wawancara mendalam. Jumlah responden adalah 100 orang. Pemilihan responden dilakukan dengan teknik simple random sampling, dimana populasi penelitian adalah anggota komunitas penerima program beras raskin dari pemerintah. Hasil penelitian adalah komunitas nelayan memiliki modal sosial, sense of community dan community collective efficacy yang kuat, yang akan menghasilkan kohesivitas yang kuat. Akan tetapi, apa yang dirasakan belum tentu tercerimin pada kehidupan sehari-hari. Aksi kolektif hanya terdapat pada kegiatan yang mendukung fasilitas umum. Akan tetapi aksi kolektif untuk kepentingan ekonomi hanya terjadi pada kelompok-kelompok kepentingan tertentu. Berdasarkan hasil dapat dikatakan bahwa tingkat kohesivitas komunitas nelayan tinggi, tetapi hanya menghasilkan kesiapan untuk menghadapi perubahan iklim.<br />Kata kunci: kohesivitas, aksi kolektif, komunitas pesisir</p>

scholarly journals La economía de la conservación de la agrobiodiversidad para la seguridad alimentaria ante el cambio climático

2011 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 191 ◽  
Author(s):  
Unai Pascual ◽  
Ulf Narloch ◽  
Stella Nordhagen ◽  
Adam G. Drucker
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Food Security ◽  
Food Systems ◽  
Economic Perspective ◽  
Public Values ◽  
The Public ◽  
Human Wellbeing ◽  
Agrobiodiversity Conservation ◽  
The Face

<span>Subsistence-based and natural resource-dependent societies are especially vulnerable to climate change. In such contexts, food security needs to be strengthened by investing in the adaptability of food systems. This paper looks into the role of agrobiodiversity conservation for food security in the face of climate change. It identifies agrobiodiversity as a key public good that delivers necessary services for human wellbeing. We argue that the public values provided by agrobiodiversity conservation need to be demonstrated and captured. We offer an economic perspective of this challenge and highlight ways of capturing at least a subset of the public values of agrobiodiversity to help adapt to and reduce the vulnerability of subsistence based economies to climate change.</span>

Conclusion

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leigh Raymond
Keyword(s):  
Policy Change ◽  
Policy Option ◽  
Future Climate ◽  
The Political ◽  
Cap And Trade ◽  
Public Benefit ◽  
Climate Policies ◽  
Policy Shift ◽  
Political Success

This chapter reviews the theory of normative reframing that is at the heart of the book’s explanation for sudden policy change, and the evidence of normative reframing’s role in the unprecedented policy shift toward auctioning emissions allowances from 2008-2015. It then offers some concluding thoughts on the wider implications of the expansion of auctions since RGGI, and the theory of normative reframing for climate and environmental policymaking, as well as for understanding sudden policy change in general. In particular, the chapter concludes that the choice of how to distribute benefits from future climate policies will be the most important factor determining the political success of those policies, and that policies such as cap and trade with auction using public benefit framing remain the most promising policy option going forward.

scholarly journals What hope for biodiversity in the face of anthropogenic climate change in Oceania?

2011 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 166 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard T Kingsford ◽  
James E M Watson
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Social Systems ◽  
Anthropogenic Climate Change ◽  
Environment Policy ◽  
The Public ◽  
Policy Responses ◽  
The Face ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Global Emissions ◽  
Local Emissions

OVER the past five years, climate change has not only become the main priority for environment policy, it is influencing most spheres of public policy as understanding increases of the ramifications of global warming. Despite the importance of the issue, governments have struggled to reduce their carbon addiction because of the high dependencies of economies and social systems (e.g., jobs) on this one element. Industries aggressively protect their interests and the public debate is often debased by a media who, in the interests of so called balance, often set the issue up as one of disagreement among opposing scientific factions on anthropogenic climate change. A recent extensive analysis of 1 372 climate researchers and their publications and citation data showed that 97-98% supported the tenets of anthropogenic climate change, while the 2-3% of scientists that disagreed had a scientific status well below the majority (Anderegg et al. 2010). There is no balance here. Further, international frameworks for decision-making remain fractured with considerable inertia to reduce global emissions. Uncertainty over predictions of what the future will look like has become an increasingly easy reason for not making the necessary policy responses to deal with climate change. Some argue in the rich nations of Oceania (e.g., Australia) that local emissions policy detrimentally affects carbon dependent industries and makes little difference because they emit so little of the world’s carbon. This ignores the morale responsibility for leadership among the world’s worst emitters of carbon, on a per capita level. It also ignores the critical fact that the environments in our region of Oceania are increasingly the vanguard of those affected by sea level rise and other impacts of anthropogenic climate change and no action will lead to great suffering of those who need our help the most.

scholarly journals Presenting an Archaeology for Everyone: Changing our approach to publicly funded archaeological investigation in Scotland

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kirsty Owen ◽  
Rebecca Jones
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Sustainable Communities ◽  
Publicly Funded ◽  
Archaeological Investigation ◽  
The Public ◽  
Public Benefit ◽  
Landscape Reconstruction ◽  
National Body ◽  
Ancient Diet ◽  
Definition Of

We explore the idea of the 'public benefit' of archaeology and argue that our definition of what this means needs to be broadened, so that those that fund and consume archaeological information, and those that currently do not, can better understand the full breadth of its importance and significance. Archaeological information is relevant to, and in many cases actively contributes to, climate change, the promotion of diversity, the construction of sustainable communities and the appreciation and understanding of place. We will present and discuss some of the range of projects that are currently being supported through Historic Environment Scotland's Archaeology Programme, which is now focused on the delivery of Scotland's Archaeology Strategy. Many of these projects bring together professional archaeologists and members of the public, but how do we get a greater variety of people interested? It will be argued that one of the key roles of a national body is to bridge the gap between people's day-to-day lives and archaeology, making clearer why it is important to everyone. There are clearly challenges inherent in this approach, and we will present these to EAC members for discussion. We argue that different forms of media can be used to amplify the relevance of archaeological information, and that this could be done more effectively. At present, archaeological information is largely consumed as an academic text-based narrative, hard to understand by the general public, and its relevance to everyday life is rarely clearly conveyed. We are seeking to improve this through better, more relevant, stories and imagery. The scientific endeavours of archaeologists, varying from landscape reconstruction to analysis of ancient diet are often relevant to contemporary issues – this could be better explored and promoted.

Environmental Justice

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary Bryner
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Civil Rights ◽  
Environmental Justice ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
The Public ◽  
Early Twenty ◽  
Creative Solutions ◽  
The Face ◽  
Late Twentieth

Environmental justice brings together two of the most powerful social movements of the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries, environmentalism and civil rights. Despite the success in reducing pollution and improving environmental quality in many areas, the reduction of race- and income-based disparities in environmental conditions, such as the levels of pollution to which individuals are exposed, has seen limited progress. Minority and low income communities continue to bear the brunt of environmental burdens. The idea of environmental justice also helps clarify the ethical issues underlying climate change and compels action to reduce the threat even in the face of uncertainties and to help poor nations with the costs of adapting to disruptive climate change. A major challenge in environmental justice is deciding how to define the problem. Five options for framing the issue of environmental justice capture most of the approaches taken by advocates and scholars. These are the civil rights framework; theories of distributive justice, fairness, and rights; the public participation framework, social justice framework, and ecological sustainability framework. These frameworks are not mutually exclusive. They overlap considerably and proponents of one primary framework may rely on elements of others as they frame the issues. Advocates of environmental justice will find that elements of each can contribute to their goal. No one framework is sufficient, but in recognizing where those with other views are coming from, we can develop opportunities for creative solutions that bring together alternative approaches.

scholarly journals Impacts of climate change and environmental factors on reproduction and development in wildlife

2009 ◽  
Vol 364 (1534) ◽  
pp. 3313-3319 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stuart R. Milligan ◽  
William V. Holt ◽  
Rhiannon Lloyd
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Human Population ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
The Public ◽  
Public Media ◽  
Sense Of Security ◽  
False Sense ◽  
The Face ◽  
Impacts Of Climate Change

The robustness of the growth of the human population in the face of environmental impacts is in contrast to the sensitivity of wildlife. There is a danger that the success of reproduction of humans provides a false sense of security for the public, media and politicians with respect to wildlife survival, the maintenance of viable ecosystems and the capacity for recovery of damaged ecosystems and endangered species. In reality, the success of humans to populate the planet has been dependent on the combination of the ability to reproduce successfully and to minimize loss of offspring through controlling and manipulating their own micro-environment. In contrast, reproduction in wildlife is threatened by environmental changes operating at many different physiological levels.

Hospitals: N.Y. Appellate Court Denies Move to Privatize Public Hospital

1999 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 202-203
Author(s):  
Robert Chatham
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
New York City ◽  
York City ◽  
Public Health System ◽  
Municipal Hospital ◽  
The Public ◽  
Public Benefit ◽  
For Profit ◽  
Benefit Corporation ◽  
The City

The Court of Appeals of New York held, in Council of the City of New York u. Giuliani, slip op. 02634, 1999 WL 179257 (N.Y. Mar. 30, 1999), that New York City may not privatize a public city hospital without state statutory authorization. The court found invalid a sublease of a municipal hospital operated by a public benefit corporation to a private, for-profit entity. The court reasoned that the controlling statute prescribed the operation of a municipal hospital as a government function that must be fulfilled by the public benefit corporation as long as it exists, and nothing short of legislative action could put an end to the corporation's existence.In 1969, the New York State legislature enacted the Health and Hospitals Corporation Act (HHCA), establishing the New York City Health and Hospitals Corporation (HHC) as an attempt to improve the New York City public health system. Thirty years later, on a renewed perception that the public health system was once again lacking, the city administration approved a sublease of Coney Island Hospital from HHC to PHS New York, Inc. (PHS), a private, for-profit entity.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document