DISPERSANTS: COMPARISON OF LABORATORY TESTS AND FIELD TRIALS WITH PRACTICAL EXPERIENCE AT SPILLS

1985 ◽  
Vol 1985 (1) ◽  
pp. 421-427 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Nichols ◽  
H. D. Parker
Keyword(s):  
Laboratory Tests ◽  
Oil Spills ◽  
Practical Experience ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Methods Of Application

ABSTRACT Laboratory tests can demonstrate the effectiveness of dispersants relatively easily but it is far more difficult to assess effectiveness in field conditions. In many oil spills, timely application of dispersants is the best approach. It is therefore necessary to study their use in field trials and actual incidents to see what lessons can be learned about the amounts used relative to the amount of oil spilled, types of oil on which dispersants are relatively effective, methods of application, the period after release into the sea during which dispersants remain effective, and the influence of sea conditions and temperatures. This paper discusses these questions, reviewing published data on the performance of dispersants infield trials and in actual oil spills in which staff of the International Tanker Owners Pollution Federation Ltd. have been involved in recent years. Recommendations are made regarding further work in the laboratory and field that appears necessary to determine the conditions under which dispersants are likely to be most effective.

RECENT ADVANCES IN DISPERSANT EFFECTIVENESS EVALUATION: EXPERIMENTAL AND FIELD ASPECTS

1985 ◽  
Vol 1985 (1) ◽  
pp. 445-452 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. P. Desmarquest ◽  
J. Croquette ◽  
F. Merlin ◽  
C. Bocard ◽  
G. Castaing ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Laboratory Tests ◽  
Oil Spills ◽  
Practical Interest ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Large Field ◽  
Experimental Program ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Good Accord ◽  
Dispersant Effectiveness

ABSTRACT Although dispersants are used in different countries, it appeared from recent international meetings that more knowledge concerning dispersant effectiveness is still needed for a better response to oil spills. Large field trials which were conducted during the past two years raised some questions as to how dispersants work at sea. Even though the results obtained in different laboratory tests are generally in good accord, significant discrepancies of practical interest may be observed because of variations in the experimental conditions. With EEC support, an experimental program has been conducted by CEDRE and Institut Français du Pétrole (IFP), both with the already-described French middle scale field test and with different laboratory tests (U.K. and French standard tests and the recently developed dilution test). With the objective of correlating the results obtained in field tests and in laboratory tests, several parameters were investigated at sea with different dispersants: the type and viscosity of the oil, slick thickness, and oil to dispersant ratio. Based mainly on the results obtained in the laboratory with dilution tests, new aspects of dispersant behavior have been identified, relating to the nature of the oil and the energy input.

scholarly journals COR/LEA Proteins as Indicators of Frost Tolerance in Triticeae: A Comparison of Controlled versus Field Conditions

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 789
Author(s):  
Klára Kosová ◽  
Miroslav Klíma ◽  
Ilja Tom Prášil ◽  
Pavel Vítámvás
Keyword(s):  
Cold Acclimation ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Quantitative Relationship ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Frost Tolerance ◽  
Late Embryogenesis Abundant ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Lea Proteins ◽  
Winter Cereals ◽  
Vernalisation Requirement

Low temperatures in the autumn induce enhanced expression/relative accumulation of several cold-inducible transcripts/proteins with protective functions from Late-embryogenesis-abundant (LEA) superfamily including dehydrins. Several studies dealing with plants grown under controlled conditions revealed a correlation (significant quantitative relationship) between dehydrin transcript/protein relative accumulation and plant frost tolerance. However, to apply these results in breeding, field experiments are necessary. The aim of the review is to provide a summary of the studies dealing with the relationships between plant acquired frost tolerance and COR/LEA transcripts/proteins relative accumulation in cereals grown in controlled and field conditions. The impacts of cold acclimation and vernalisation processes on the ability of winter-type Triticeae to accumulate COR/LEA proteins are discussed. The factors determining dehydrin relative accumulation under controlled cold acclimation treatments versus field trials during winter seasons are discussed. In conclusion, it can be stated that dehydrins could be used as suitable indicators of winter survival in field-grown winter cereals but only in plant prior to the fulfilment of vernalisation requirement.

Pipeline Dent Management Program

2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott D. Ironside ◽  
L. Blair Carroll
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Selection Process ◽  
Element Model ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Management Program ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
The Past

Enbridge Pipelines Inc. operates the world’s longest and most complex liquids pipeline network. As part of Enbridge’s Integrity Management Program In-Line Inspections have been and will continue to be conducted on more than 15,000 km of pipeline. The Inspection Programs have included using the most technologically advanced geometry tools in the world to detect geometrical discontinuities such as ovality, dents, and buckles. During the past number of years, Enbridge Pipelines Inc. has been involved in developing a method of evaluating the suitability of dents in pipelines for continued service. The majority of the work involved the development of a method of modeling the stresses within a dent using Finite Element Analysis (FEA). The development and validation of this model was completed by Fleet Technology Limited (FTL) through several projects sponsored by Enbridge, which included field trials and comparisons to previously published data. This model combined with proven fracture mechanics theory provides a method of determining a predicted life of a dent based on either the past or future operating conditions of the pipeline. CSA Standard Z662 – Oil and Gas Pipeline Systems provides criteria for the acceptability of dents for continued service. There have been occurrences, however, where dents that meet the CSA acceptability criteria have experienced failure. The dent model is being used to help define shape characteristics in addition to dent depth, the only shape factor considered by CSA, which contribute to dent failure. The dent model has also been utilized to validate the accuracy of current In-Line Inspection techniques. Typically a dent will lose some of its shape as the overburden is lifted from the pipeline and after the indentor is removed. Often there can be a dramatic “re-rounding” that will occur. The work included comparing the re-rounded dent shapes from a Finite Element model simulating the removal of the constraint on the pipe to the measured dent profile from a mold of the dent taken in the field after it has been excavated. This provided a measure of the accuracy of the tool. This paper will provide an overview of Enbridge’s dent management program, a description of the dent selection process for the excavation program, and a detailed review of the ILI validation work.

scholarly journals Sustainable Control of Equine Nematodes: A Literature Review about Control by Fungal Cultures

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 20
Author(s):  
Heli I. Koskinen
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Laboratory Tests ◽  
Sustainable Use ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Review Of Literature ◽  
Veterinary Practitioner ◽  
New Knowledge

Larsen, Nansen, Grönvold, Wolstrup and Henriksen (1997) have previously reviewed the prospects of control of equine nematodes by using fungal cultures. Since then more investigations have been implemented and actualized. Field trials and laboratory tests have been reported with new perspectives and increasing number of animals in trials. The aim of this new review of literature is to add new knowledge to those questions that remained open in the 1990s. In particular, on the perspective of veterinary practitioner and sustainable use of deworming practices it is important to know those directions which should be followed.

scholarly journals Laboratory and field evaluation of pyriminyl as a poison for Rattus norvegicus

1980 ◽  
Vol 84 (3) ◽  
pp. 347-354
Author(s):  
B. D. Rentnison ◽  
R. Redfern ◽  
A. C. Dubock ◽  
J. E. Gill ◽  
C. G. J. Richards
Keyword(s):  
Rattus Norvegicus ◽  
Laboratory Tests ◽  
Corn Oil ◽  
Field Evaluation ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Zinc Phosphide ◽  
Optimum Concentration ◽  
Commercial Use

SUMMARYLaboratory tests indicated that the optimum concentration for pyriminyl in rat baits was between 1% and 3%. In field trials in which 0·5% pyriminyl (the concentration in commercial use) was compared with 2·5% zinc phosphide for the control of rats on farms, the pyriminyl treatments were significantly less effective than the zinc phosphide even when the poisoned baits were left down for 7 days instead of 1 day after prebaiting. Both poisons were as effective in medium oatmeal bait as they were in medium oatmeal containing 5% corn oil and 5% sugar.

Effect of cold temperature on the rate of natural attenuation of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and the three isomers of xylene (BTEX)

2010 ◽  
Vol 47 (5) ◽  
pp. 516-527 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ania C. Ulrich ◽  
Kristen Tappenden ◽  
James Armstrong ◽  
Kevin W. Biggar
Keyword(s):  
Natural Attenuation ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Anaerobic Conditions ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Cold Temperatures ◽  
Site Analysis ◽  
Benzene Toluene ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Hydrogeological Information

The impact of cold temperatures on natural attenuation rates is poorly understood and compounded by the lack of published data, particularly under field conditions. This paper presents a collection of data from monitoring and remediation projects completed at cold temperatures. The data set was compiled from 55 studies under anaerobic conditions (46 field and nine laboratory) from sites where groundwater temperatures are typically less than 15 °C. By normalizing the data to +5 and +10 °C, the scatter in rates for BTEX degradation in groundwater was reduced by 33% to 66%. In an attempt to address the paucity of data on natural attenuation rates under cold temperatures, this study has compiled and normalized 101 anaerobic BTEX natural attenuation rates. Eleven of the 55 studies and 43 of the 101 rates presented in this study have not been previously published. Additionally, this study has compiled, for each site, relevant contaminant and hydrogeological information that can be reviewed to choose appropriate rates for preliminary site analysis.

Stability of cabergoline in fox baits in laboratory and field conditions

2007 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 239 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stuart McLean ◽  
Susan Brandon ◽  
Roger Kirkwood
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Acetic Acid Solution ◽  
Hydrolysis Product ◽  
Fertility Control ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Control Agent ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Dry Conditions ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Fox Control

Cabergoline is a potent inhibitor of prolactin release and a potential fertility control agent for foxes. To understand how cabergoline could behave in baits deployed for fox control, we conducted laboratory and field trials to investigate the stability of cabergoline when (1) in solution, (2) injected into a bait (deep-fried liver and Foxoff®) and (3) exposed to a range of environmental conditions, including burial. Cabergoline, dissolved in a 1% acetic acid solution, and its carboxylic acid hydrolysis product can be assayed using high-performance liquid chromatography. When stored at 4°C and at room temperature, cabergoline in solution was stable for up to 36 days. When stored under cool (≤15°C), dry conditions, cabergoline (800 µg) in commercial Foxoff® and deep-fried ox-liver baits was stable for 28 and 7 days, respectively; stability was reduced by increases in temperature (tested up to 40°C) and humidity. Recovery of cabergoline from buried baits exposed to a range of field conditions decreased rapidly in the first week, but after 56 days remained detectable at levels of 6–22% of the injected amounts. This study has important implications for baiting campaigns that use cabergoline for fox control.

Recent Advances in Barite Sag Technology

2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
William M. Dye ◽  
Gregory A. Mullen ◽  
Bruce R. Ewen
Keyword(s):  
Laboratory Tests ◽  
Annular Flow ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Financial Impact ◽  
Poor Correlation ◽  
Flow Loop ◽  
Shear Rates ◽  
Laboratory Results ◽  
Static Conditions ◽  
Proper Consideration

The occurrence of barite sag is a well recognized but poorly understood phenomenon in the drilling industry. Industry experts have offered a variety of measuring parameters, based upon empirical data, that only partially correlate with the occurrence of barite sag. The industry’s lack of understanding of the mechanisms and types of barite sag generally result in a poor correlation between laboratory results and field observations of barite sag. The financial impact of barite sag on drilling costs, usually resulting from rig-time lost while circulating and conditioning the mud system, is not trivial. There are reported incidences where recurring barite sag problems have resulted in the loss of drilling projects. The accuracy and relevance of technology utilized to manage barite sag can help reduce drilling costs. In the field barite sag frequently occurs in deviated wells where pipe eccentricity creates conditions conducive to dynamic sag. With the exception of a flow loop, laboratory tests do not simulate field conditions. Historically, laboratory tests characterize density variations arising from a vertical fluid column as static or dynamic sag without proper consideration to angle, pipe eccentricity, annular shear rates and annular flow. This paper reviews traditional and newly-emerging barite sag technology and compares their ability to predict barite sag potential. This potential will be determined under dynamic and static conditions in a sophisticated flow loop configured to match certain field conditions.

Safety and Field Testing of a New Generation AC Module

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saiful Islam ◽  
Achim Woyte ◽  
Ronnie Belmans
Keyword(s):  
Laboratory Tests ◽  
Field Testing ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Quality Requirements ◽  
New Type ◽  
New Generation

Safety and quality requirements for a new type of AC module have been identified and its performance has been evaluated for two prototypes. The laboratory tests have to show whether the so-called PV2go inverter can comply with the expectations and where improvements are still necessary. Afterwards, the AC modules have been tested under typical European field conditions.

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