scholarly journals OIL SPILL CONTINGENCY PLANS: INCORPORATING WASTE MANAGEMENT AND FURTHERING ITS PROMOTION1

2005 ◽  
Vol 2005 (1) ◽  
pp. 281-283
Author(s):  
Cassandra Richardson
Keyword(s):  
Waste Management ◽  
Waste Disposal ◽  
Oil Spill ◽  
Oil Recovery ◽  
Fundamental Problem ◽  
Good Practice ◽  
Holistic Approach ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Heavy Fuel Oil ◽  
Contingency Plans

ABSTRACT A fundamental problem exists with waste disposal in marine-based oil spill clean up, as up to ten times more waste can be generated than the actual oil spilled. Lessons learnt are rarely recognised until the clean up operation has finished and oiled waste has accumulated. In 1999 the oil tanker Erika broke in two and sank off the coast of Brittany, France. Spilling 20,000 tonnes of Heavy Fuel Oil but creating 250,000 tonnes of oiled waste. The Author, during the Prestige spill has observed first hand how the handling and disposal of oily waste can have major implications for oil clean up operations. It can hinder the entire operation by causing bottlenecks and delays in further recovery of oil, unless suitable arrangements can be made. The promotion of a holistic approach to waste management is fundamental to effective oil recovery operations and should be incorporated into oil spill contingency plans. The paper will highlight the importance of developing a proactive waste management strategy, emphasising good practice and the key issues involved. The paper is supported by existing reports, the author's practical experience and a published document, co-authored, on current waste disposal options for IPIECA's technical document series.

Offshore Operations Following the Erika Oil Spill

2001 ◽  
Vol 2001 (1) ◽  
pp. 657-659
Author(s):  
Fanch Cabioc'h ◽  
Georges Peigne
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
Oil Spill ◽  
Oil Recovery ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Heavy Fuel Oil ◽  
Bad Weather ◽  
The Way ◽  
Offshore Operations

ABSTRACT On December 12, 1999, the Maltese tanker Erika, loaded with 30,000 tons of heavy fuel oil and sailing from Dunkirk (France) to Livorno (Italy), broke up into two parts in bad weather and sank 40 miles off the Brittany coast in the northern part of the Biscay Bay. The very first assessment of the situation revealed that between 5,000 and 7,000 tons of Fuel Oil No. 6 had been released into the sea. French Customs remote-sensing aircraft revealed many black and thick slicks drifting southwards at a speed of 1.2 knots. On December 15, a French oil recovery vessel (ORV) called Ailette arrived on-site equipped with a Transrec 250 skimmer in very rough seas and was followed a few days later by four other ORVs: Alcyon (French) and three other ships belonging to the European fleet, British Shield (United Kingdom), Neuwerk (Germany), and Area (Netherlands). Finally, after 2 weeks at sea, but only a few days during which conditions permitted the recovery operation to proceed, more than 1,100 tons were retrieved by the five ORVs. This paper describes the cleanup operation at sea, and analyses problems and difficulties encountered because of bad weather, the way the slick evolved, the way subsequent floating slicks behaved and the difficulty in detecting them, and the limitations of the equipment available in the event of this major oil spill.

Response to the Esso Bernicia oil spill

1995 ◽  
Vol 103 ◽  
pp. 233-245
Author(s):  
Peter Foxton ◽  
Martin Heubeck
Keyword(s):  
Oil Spill ◽  
Environmental Effects ◽  
Oil Pollution ◽  
Subsequent Development ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Contingency Planning ◽  
Heavy Fuel Oil

SynopsisA brief description is given of the accident to the tanker Esso Bernicia that resulted in the release of 1174 tonnes of heavy fuel oil into the harbour at Sullom Voe. The measures taken to deal with the spill and the resulting oil pollution are described and their effectiveness assessed. Aspects of the environmental effects are considered with particular reference to birds, otters and sheep. Wide-ranging inquiries were made into the cause of the incident, the adequacy of the response, and the effects of the pollution. The actions that resulted are described. Finally the significance of the event is considered in relation to the subsequent development of oil spill contingency planning at Sullom Voe, and in the wider context of Shetland.

scholarly journals GuLF DREAM: A Model to Estimate Dermal Exposure Among Oil Spill Response and Clean-up Workers

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melanie Gorman Ng ◽  
John W Cherrie ◽  
Anne Sleeuwenhoek ◽  
Mark Stenzel ◽  
Richard K Kwok ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oil Spill ◽  
External Validation ◽  
Inhalation Exposure ◽  
Dermal Exposure ◽  
Assessment Method ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Breathing Zone ◽  
Heavy Fuel Oil ◽  
Drilling Rig ◽  
Oil Spill Response

Abstract Tens of thousands of individuals performed oil spill response and clean-up (OSRC) activities following the ‘Deepwater Horizon’ oil drilling rig explosion in 2010. Many were exposed to oil residues and dispersants. The US National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences assembled a cohort of nearly 33 000 workers to investigate potential adverse health effects of oil spill exposures. Estimates of dermal and inhalation exposure are required for those individuals. Ambient breathing-zone measurements taken at the time of the spill were used to estimate inhalation exposures for participants in the GuLF STUDY (Gulf Long-term Follow-up Study), but no dermal measurements were collected. Consequently, a modelling approach was used to estimate dermal exposures. We sought to modify DREAM (DeRmal Exposure Assessment Method) to optimize the model for assessing exposure to various oil spill-related substances and to incorporate advances in dermal exposure research. Each DREAM parameter was reviewed in the context of literature published since 2000 and modified where appropriate. To reflect the environment in which the OSRC work took place, the model treatment of evaporation was expanded to include vapour pressure and wind speed, and the effect of seawater on exposure was added. The modified model is called GuLF DREAM and exposure is estimated in GuLF DREAM units (GDU). An external validation to assess the performance of the model for oils, tars, and fuels was conducted using available published dermal wipe measurements of heavy fuel oil (HFO) and dermal hand wash measurements of asphalt. Overall, measured exposures had moderate correlations with GDU estimates (r = 0.59) with specific correlations of −0.48 for HFO and 0.68 for asphalt. The GuLF DREAM model described in this article has been used to generate dermal exposure estimates for the GuLF STUDY. Many of the updates made were generic, so the updated model may be useful for other dermal exposure scenarios.

HOW A LOCAL NGO SUCCEEDED IN CLEANING UP THE LEBANON OIL SPILL, 2006

2008 ◽  
Vol 2008 (1) ◽  
pp. 327-330 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamed Elsarji
Keyword(s):  
Oil Spill ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Local People ◽  
Storage Tanks ◽  
Heavy Fuel Oil ◽  
Sea Floor ◽  
Protective Gear ◽  
Local Ngo ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Sunken Oil

ABSTRACT The oil spill in Lebanon in August 2006 resulted in 15000 tons of heavy fuel oil covering more than 160 kilometers of beaches and sea floor of Lebanon. Bahr Loubnan is a Lebanese NGO who volunteered to undertake the clean-up work as a gift to the Lebanese people. Bahr Loubnan experts made a full assessment of the situation; divers explored the sea floor and located all patches of fuel that sank, as another team toured and assessed every affected beach. As a result, a detailed plan was prepared and submitted to the Lebanese government who gave its approval on Sept. 7th 2006. The clean-up crew cleaned any sunken oil found on the bottom of the sea and on two thirds of the affected beaches. The cost of the whole operation, including the cost of all needed equipment, protective gear, storage tanks, transportation and food, was less than half a million dollars. Local people who were hired to work in the clean-up operations were treated as partners in the project and not as “Laborers”. Fifty professional divers were assigned the job of cleaning the oil found on the sea floor. Sandy and pebbles beaches were cleaned by surf washing, which proved very successful. Powerful “Cachiers” pumping water at a pressure of 1450 bars were used to clean the oil off rocky beaches. The operation was a success. It would be impossible for anyone to distinguish between beaches that were polluted and those who were not.

UPTAKE OF FOUR PAHS OCCURRING INTO AERIAL PLANT TISSUE ARTIFICIALLY EXPOSED TO HEAVY FUEL OIL IN SALICORNIA

2005 ◽  
Vol 2005 (1) ◽  
pp. 797-800 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Meudec ◽  
Jacques Dussauze ◽  
Eric Deslandes ◽  
Nathalie Poupart
Keyword(s):  
Oil Spill ◽  
Contaminated Soil ◽  
Contaminated Soils ◽  
Water Solubility ◽  
Marine Pollution ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Heavy Fuel Oil ◽  
Edible Plant ◽  
Coastal Salt Marsh ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic

ABSTRACT Coastal salt-marsh vegetations are directly exposed to accidental marine pollution by oil spill, as it was the case in winter of the year 2000 following Erika tanker oil spill in France. As petroleum is incorporated in sediment, it tends to coat aerial parts of plants. Among fuel hydrocarbons, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are the most toxic compounds known in marine organisms. Although their low water solubility, they can be taken up and bioaccumulated by plants. This work was conducted to determine whether PAHs, like naphthalene, phenanthrene, pyrene and benzo(a)pyrene, present in artificially fuel contaminated soils are transferred or not to aerial part of the coastal and edible plant, Salicornia fragilis. Sediments were mixed up with N°6. heavy fuel oil. Young plants of Salicornia were sampled in spring at the “Aber du Conquet” (Finistère, France), and cultured artificially in three different mixture conditions of oil and sediment: 0.2%, 2% or 20%. Two durations of culture were tested: one or five weeks. At the end of the culture, shoot are then cut off and PAHs concentrations were determinate by (GC-MS). Results showed that whatever the time of exposure and the concentrations of fuel oil in soil, significant PAHs concentrations were measured in Salicornia tissues. Phenanthrene and pyrene are the most abundant compounds. The particular morphology of Salicornia plants and the absence of PAHs in control also suggest that root uptake was the main pathway for accumulation of PAHs in this halophytic plant. By this capacity to uptake PAHs from fuel oil contaminated soil, Salicornia fragilis appears as a potential bioindicator of marine pollution by petroleum and may have a role in remediating contaminated soil.

scholarly journals The Bow Jubail Oiled Wildlife Incident: Success Factors of an International Tiered Response on the Basis of Standards of Good Practice

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Claude Velter ◽  
Hugo Nijkamp ◽  
Simone Jay
Keyword(s):  
Success Factors ◽  
Good Practice ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Heavy Fuel Oil ◽  
Response Plan ◽  
To Come ◽  
Mute Swans ◽  
International Experts ◽  
To Receive ◽  
Fast Decision

Abstract In June 2018, about 218 metric tons of heavy fuel oil gushed into the harbor of Rotterdam (NL) following the rupturing of the hull of the Bow Jubail at a jetty. Due to tidal activity, the oil from the unloaded chemical tanker quickly spread out over a 30+ km waterway where many hundreds of Mute swans were moulting at the time. A citizen's initiative quickly led to the capture of over 200 swans from the water and shores, and their transport to some bird rehab centers in the immediate neighborhood. For the authorities this massive impact that overwhelmed the available resources of the permanent centers was the trigger to activate the national oiled wildlife response plan. The activation of the national plan goes hand in hand with the decision to build a large temporary facility that needs to be fully operational within 48 hours to receive the impacted live animals for treatment. The building of the such a facility, but also the staffing that is needed to care for 600 impacted swans is a challenging task and needs fast decision taking by experts who can oversee the particular needs of swans, and are able to inform logistics about equipment and materials needed. In parallel, a large number of experts must be mobilized who can lead and process the impacted animals once the temporary facility is ready for operations. For some part these resources were available in the Netherlands, but many more experts needed to be mobilized from abroad. The mobilization procedures of both EUROWA network and the GOWRS network were activated, leading to a large number of experts who indicated their availability. Meanwhile, the authorities took decisions on the authorization of the international mobilization, and when green lighted, the experts were asked to come over. This paper describes the decision making in the early days, and the way that arriving experts were deployed in the facility. The use of international guidelines for this process and the ease by which international experts could work together thanks to many years of investments into local and international preparedness will be highlighted. The rehabilitation of 522 mute swans took a full month (30 days), after which 97.5% of the animals had been successfully released.

scholarly journals Oil spill trajectory prediction assessment using multi model ocean currents - case study of MT Dawn Oil spill 2017

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
SJ Prasad ◽  
TM Balakrishnan Nair ◽  
T Vijayalakshmi
Keyword(s):  
Oil Spill ◽  
Ocean Circulation ◽  
Ocean Model ◽  
Ocean Currents ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Global Ocean ◽  
Ocean Current ◽  
Trajectory Prediction ◽  
Heavy Fuel Oil ◽  
Trajectory Model

Abstract 684276 An assessment was carried out to judge the performance of the modeled ocean currents in oil spill trajectory prediction. Ocean circulation is the key factor in determining the drift pattern of the spilled marine oil pollutant. General National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Operational Modeling Environment (GNOME), an oil spill trajectory model, in diagnostic mode was set for simulating drift pattern of Heavy Fuel Oil (HFO). On 28 January 2017, 0345 hrs, Indian Standard Time (IST), approximately 196.4 MT of HFO was spilled due to vessel collision. The oil spill model was set and run during 28-Jan-2017 to 05-Feb-2017 with 196 tons of HFO. Wind velocity fields were obtained from European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF). The modeled ocean currents were obtained from High resolution Operational Ocean Forecasting and reanalysis System (HOOFS) with two model set ups such as Indian ocean (IO) and Bay Of Bengal (BOB). Ocean current pattern were also obtained from Hybrid Co-ordinate Ocean Model (HYCOM) and Global Ocean Data Assimilation System (GODAS) based Modular Ocean Model (GM4P1). The oil drift patterns were simulated individually for the spillage due to MT Dawn vessel, by forcing GNOME with the above said wind and ocean currents. Radar data obtained for 29-Jan-2017, from Sentinel -1A was processed for detecting oil slicks. The respective drift patterns obtained were compared individually with the oil slick signatures of Sentinel -1A on 29-Jan-2017. It was found that the drift pattern obtained while using the ocean currents of HOOFS_BOB was in better agreement with that of the observed slicks. Unlike other oil drift patterns, offshore spread of the slicks are well captured while using the ocean currents of HOOFS_BOB. This paper illustrates the method of oil spill trajectory prediction using various ocean currents and validating the simulated drift with the ground truth. It also emphasize the need of using various modeled ocean currents in assessing the performance of oil spill trajectory model.

THE KATINA OIL SPILL 1982, COMBATING OPERATION AT SEA

1985 ◽  
Vol 1985 (1) ◽  
pp. 299-306
Author(s):  
W. Koops ◽  
F. J. Sanders ◽  
J. M. Gubbens
Keyword(s):  
Specific Gravity ◽  
Oil Spill ◽  
Water Surface ◽  
Oil Pollution ◽  
Pure Water ◽  
Sea Surface ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Volatile Components ◽  
Heavy Fuel Oil ◽  
Dutch Coast

ABSTRACT At about 15 km north-northwest of the Hook of Holland, the Greek tanker M.S. Katina collided with the French ore carrier Pengall on the afternoon of Monday, June 7, 1982. The collision caused a gash below the waterline in the No. 4 port cargo tank of the Katina which was loaded with 6,300 m3 heavy fuel oil. It was estimated during the first reconnaissance flight at eight o'clock in the evening, that between 1,000 and 2,000 m3 of oil must have been released from the Katina. Later, when the oil had been cleared up, it appeared that the total amount of leaked oil had been 1,630 m3. The dredger oil combat vessels Cosmos and Hein were in full action beginning at noon Tuesday, June 8, sweeping the oil from the sea surface. The Cosmos and the Hein swept up 800 m3 and 300 m3 of oil respectively (i.e., weathered oil with 30–50 percent seawater included). Especially on Tuesday a fairly large amount of oil was recovered by the Cosmos and the Hein. After that, it became more and more difficult to combat the oil, which became more and more scattered. As the viscosity of the oil became increasingly higher due to evaporation of the more volatile components, pumping became increasingly difficult and the capacity of the sweeping system decreased accordingly. After the Cosmos was dismissed, the Hein and the Smal Agt continued to combat the scattered oil slicks. In total, approximately 1,440 m3 were eventually removed from the sea surface, of which approximately 790 m3 was pure water-free oil. No further oil of significance was observed on Saturday June 12 and the opinion was that the combat activities had been effective at sea and the coast had been protected from extensive oil pollution. However, that Sunday oil washed up on the Dutch coast. The submerged oil, due to its higher specific gravity, floats invisibly under the water surface and was driven toward the coast by strong on-shore winds and currents.

FISHERIES SAFETY MONITORING IN THE GUANABARA BAY, BRAZIL FOLLOWING A MARINE FUEL OIL SPILL

2001 ◽  
Vol 2001 (2) ◽  
pp. 951-957 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria de Fátima Guadalupe Meniconi ◽  
Angelo Francisco Santos ◽  
Isabel Maria N.S. Moreira ◽  
Arthur de Lemos Scofield ◽  
Thais M.C. Salmito ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oil Spill ◽  
Oil Recovery ◽  
Feeding Habits ◽  
Action Plan ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Guanabara Bay ◽  
Cooperative Effort ◽  
Marine Fuel ◽  
Affected Area ◽  
Two Samples

ABSTRACT In January 2000, approximately 1,300 m3 (340,000 gallons) of marine fuel oil were released during a pipeline transference accident in the Guanabara Bay, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, reaching island and land shorelines situated at the north and northeast part of the bay. An Emergency Action Plan for oil recovery and cleanup was performed, and the effort of this strategy resulted in the recovery of approximately 40% of the spilled oil. Although there was no official fishery closure, several areas were, in practice, closed to marine traffic, and fishermen were not fishing in the oil-affected area; thus, there was a de facto fishery closure. Chemical and toxicological analyses were performed on water and sediment samples to evaluate the degree of the contamination of the affected area 10 days after the spill. The results of these analyses showed background levels for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in finfish habitat in Guanabara Bay. A study was then conducted as a cooperative effort among the governmental environmental agency (IBAMA), universities, and PETROBRAS to assess the degree of contamination of finfish from the area for hydrocarbons and microorganisms. Microbial essays and chemical analyses for PAHs were conducted on six composite samples of edible tissue of two species (Mugil lisa and Micropogonias furnieri) collected in nets and fish traps in the most affected area. The species were chosen based on their abundance, marketability, and feeding habits. Two samples collected in the bay 1 year before the oil spill were used as reference to PAHs. The microbial analyses were conducted according to the rules from the Health Ministry and also were done for other species collected by net fishing. All samples were found free of microbial contamination and were approved to be consumed in accordance with the MERCOSUL criteria. The concentration of PAHs in the samples collected after the oil spill were at the same level of the reference samples, confirming the expectation from the literature. These results were compared to three international concentration-based and risk-based criteria since there were no legal limits for PAHs in fishes. No sample analyzed contained PAH contamination exceeding the criteria used as reference in this study. No carcinogenic compounds were detected in the samples. The net results of this work were the rapid resumption of the finfisheries and the acquisition of a preliminary database of PAH concentration and microbial conditions on finfish tissue for the Guanabara Bay.

Comparison and Assessment of Waste Generated during Oil Spills

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 (1) ◽  
pp. 1647-1658 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tim Wadsworth
Keyword(s):  
Crude Oil ◽  
Oil Spill ◽  
Oil Spills ◽  
Deepwater Horizon ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Contingency Planning ◽  
Heavy Fuel Oil ◽  
Effective Response ◽  
Spilled Oil

ABSTRACT Experience has shown that the most time-consuming and costly component of a response to an oil spill is often the treatment or disposal of collected waste. The amount of waste generated is dependent on many factors, some which may be controlled more readily during the response. This paper analyses a number of important incidents as a result of which spilled oil affected shoreline resources with significant resultant clean-up effort. Spills of crude oil and of heavy fuel oil carried as cargo in tankers are reviewed to determine the types and volumes of waste generated and the clean-up methods undertaken to generate that waste. A comparison of the incidents will allow the most effective response methods to be determined, to show the techniques that generated the least volumes of waste. Data from DEEPWATER HORIZON is included to allow a discussion of the associated response. To achieve a practical comparison, the amount of waste is balanced against the amount of oil spilled to determine the oil:waste ratio. This ratio has evolved over many years into a long held guideline, used often for the purpose of contingency planning, that the amount of waste generated during an incident is approximately ten times the amount of oil spilled. This paper shows that with appropriate response actions, the guideline can be upheld.

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