scholarly journals Synthesis and Evaluation of Ethanolamine-Cashew Nut Shell Liquid Products as Crude Oil Emulsion Breakers

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-33
Author(s):  
C. O. Victor-Oji ◽  
U. J. Chukwu ◽  
O. Akaranta
Keyword(s):  
Crude Oil ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Synergetic Effect ◽  
Anacardic Acid ◽  
Cashew Nut Shell Liquid ◽  
One Pot ◽  
Water Separation ◽  
Oil Emulsion ◽  
Cashew Nut ◽  
Cashew Nut Shell

Cashew Nut Shell Liquid (CNSL), a natural phenolic liquid, was extracted from cashew nut shells using acetone and derivatized using Ethanolamine (EA) and Diethanolamine (DEA) in varying molar ratios via a one-pot process into anacardic acid-based ethanolamine esters and evaluated for use as crude oil emulsion breakers. The CNSL extract was characterized for its physico-chemical properties, FTIR spectral analysis for CNSL and the derivatives confirmed its chemical modification. Medium heavy crude and seawater sampled and characterized with ASTM standards were used in producing laboratory-simulated crude oil emulsions at varying crude oil: water mixing ratios of 90:10, 70:30 and 50:50. Performance of the anacardic acid-based CNSL extract and derivatives as demulsifiers were evaluated based on variation in dosage (10 ppm – 50 ppm), water content (10%, 30% and 50%), and solvent types (xylene and butanol, BuOH) at 60℃ within a 3-hr period via bottle testing. The performance of effective demulsifier formulations were compared with a commercial demulsifier, Phase Treat-4633, PT-4633, under similar conditions. Results obtained showed that water separation increases with demulsifier concentration and emulsion water content respectively, though water seperation varied among the demulsifiers as concentration and water content increased. PT-4633 in butanol achieved efficient water separation with an optimal seperation (100%) observed after 5 minutes at 40 ppm and 50 ppm, 50% and 60℃. In conclusion, the evaluated ethanolamine-CNSL products possess emulsion breaking potential using BuOH as solvent at shorter times. This behaviour may be due to the synergetic effect of BuOH as a solvent, thus, BuOH should be considered as solvent substitute for xylene due to low cost and toxicity levels, unlike xylene which is toxic and expensive.

scholarly journals Comparative Study of Cashew Nut Shell Liquid and a Commercial Demulsifier for Treating Crude Oil Emulsions

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
C. O. Victor-Oji ◽  
U. J. Chukwu ◽  
O. Akaranta
Keyword(s):  
Crude Oil ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Synergetic Effect ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Cashew Nut Shell Liquid ◽  
Water Separation ◽  
Cashew Nut ◽  
Oil Emulsions ◽  
Cashew Nut Shell

Cashew Nut Shell Liquid (CNSL), a natural phenolic liquid extracted from locally sourced raw materials, and Phasetreat-4633 (a commercial demulsifier) were diluted with xylene and butanol and used as demulsifiers in the treatment of crude oil emulsions. Laboratory simulated crude oil emulsions dosed with different concentrations of CNSL and PT-4633 were the basis for comparison of demulsifier performance via the bottle test method. Different factors affecting demulsification efficiency such as; water content, demulsifier concentration, and solvent type were investigated at 10%, 30%, and 50% water content. The data obtained showed that the rate of water separation increases with increasing concentration and water content of the demulsifiers and emulsion respectively. Among the demulsifier-solvent combination employed in this study, Phasetreat-4633 in butanol recorded the most efficient water separation with optimal (100%) separation recorded after 5 minutes at 40 ppm and 50 ppm concentration, 50% water content and 60℃. From the obtained results, the investigated demulsifiers have great potential with butanol as a solvent in the resolution of crude oil emulsions in shorter times. This behavior can be attributed to the synergetic effect of butanol as a solvent. Hence, butanol can be regarded as a better solvent substitute to xylene, due to its attributive synergetic effect, low cost and toxicity levels, unlike xylene which is more toxic and expensive.

scholarly journals Evaluation of triethanolamine-cashew nutshell liquid derivatives as crude oil emulsion breakers

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. O. Victor-Oji ◽  
U. J. Chukwu ◽  
O. Akaranta
Keyword(s):  
Crude Oil ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Agricultural Waste ◽  
Test Method ◽  
One Pot ◽  
Water Separation ◽  
Oil Emulsion ◽  
Cashew Nutshell Liquid ◽  
Type Water ◽  
Demulsification Efficiency

AbstractThree bio-based crude oil emulsion breakers have been prepared from agricultural waste by chemical treatment of cashew nutshell liquid (CNSL) extract with triethanolamine via a one-pot reaction at 120 ℃. The triethanolamine-ester derivatives were characterized by Fourier Transform–InfraRed spectroscopy. Their effectiveness as crude oil emulsion breakers were investigated experimentally using the bottle test method. The effect of solvent type, water content, and concentration of the emulsion breaker, was used to study the demulsification process and determine their demulsification efficiency at a temperature of 60 ℃ for a contact time of 180 min. A commercial demulsifier, PhaseTreat 4633 (PT-4633) was used as a benchmark. Performance evaluation of the prepared emulsion breakers revealed their effectiveness in descending order as: triethanolamine dianacardate (TED) > triethanolamine trianacardate (TET) > triethanolamine anacardate (TEA). The data reveals that their emulsion breaking efficiency increases with increasing emulsion water content, and concentration. PT-4633 exhibited better demulsification efficiency than the triethanolamine-esters in xylene across the concentration and water content studied. Improved water separation was however observed for the triethanolamine-esters in butanol, as triethanolamine trianacardate (TET) performed better than PT-4633 at 10 ppm to 20 ppm at 30% water content with a water separation of 83.33% and 80% respectively. The evaluated triethanolamine ester derivatives exhibited better emulsion breaking potentials in butanol than xylene at shorter times, which may be due to the synergistic effect of butanol. Therefore, butanol could be used as a sustainable solvent substitute for xylene in demulsifier formulations.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Toxic, Cytotoxic, Mutagenic, and Antimutagenic Activities of Natural and Technical Cashew Nut Shell Liquids Using theAllium cepaandArtemia salinaBioassays

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aracelli de Sousa Leite ◽  
Alisson Ferreira Dantas ◽  
George Laylson da Silva Oliveira ◽  
Antonio L. Gomes Júnior ◽  
Sidney Gonçalo de Lima ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Allium Cepa ◽  
Copper Sulfate ◽  
Chromosomal Aberrations ◽  
Artemia Salina ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Anacardic Acid ◽  
Toxic Effects ◽  
Cashew Nut Shell Liquid ◽  
Cashew Nut ◽  
Cashew Nut Shell

The cashew nut releases a substance that is known as cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL). There are both natural (iCNSL) and technical (tCNSL) cashew nut shell liquids. This study used anArtemia salinabioassay to evaluate the toxic effects of iCNSL and tCNSL cashew nut shell liquids. It also evaluated the toxicity, cytotoxicity, and mutagenicity of CNSL and its effects on the damage induced by copper sulfate (CuSO4·5H2O) on the meristems’ root ofAllium cepa. Effects of the damage induced by CuSO4·5H2O were evaluated before (pre-), during (co-), and after (post-) treatments. The iCNSL contained 94.5% anacardic acid, and the tCNSL contained 91.3% cardanol. The liquids were toxic toA. salina. Toxicity, cytotoxicity, and mutagenicity were observed with iCNSL compared with the negative control. Similarly, iCNSL failed to inhibit the toxicity and cytotoxicity of CuSO4·5H2O. The tCNSL was not toxic, cytotoxic, or mutagenic in any of the concentrations. However, the lowest iCNSL concentrations and all of the tCNSL concentrations had preventive, antimutagenic, and reparative effects on micronuclei and on chromosomal aberrations in theA. cepa. Therefore, protective, modulating, and reparative effects may be observed in theA. cepa, depending on the concentration and type of CNSL used.

Fabrication of durable superhydrophobic epoxy/cashew nut shell liquid based coating containing flower-like zinc oxide for continuous oil/water separation

2019 ◽  
Vol 366 ◽  
pp. 106-113 ◽  
Author(s):  
Narubeth Lorwanishpaisarn ◽  
Pornnapa Kasemsiri ◽  
Natwat Srikhao ◽  
Kaewta Jetsrisuparb ◽  
Jesper T.N. Knijnenburg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Zinc Oxide ◽  
Cashew Nut Shell Liquid ◽  
Water Separation ◽  
Cashew Nut ◽  
Oil Water Separation ◽  
Oil Water ◽  
Cashew Nut Shell

scholarly journals Anacardic Acid Constituents from Cashew Nut Shell Liquid: NMR Characterization and the Effect of Unsaturation on Its Biological Activities

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Selene Morais ◽  
Katherine Silva ◽  
Halisson Araujo ◽  
Icaro Vieira ◽  
Daniela Alves ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Activities ◽  
Anacardic Acid ◽  
Cashew Nut Shell Liquid ◽  
Cashew Nut ◽  
Nmr Characterization ◽  
Cashew Nut Shell

scholarly journals A study on cashew nut shell liquid as a bio-based flow improver for heavy crude oil

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 2287-2297
Author(s):  
Sivakumar Pandian ◽  
Patel Chintan Dahyalal ◽  
Shanker Krishna ◽  
S. Hari ◽  
Deepalakshmi Subramanian
Keyword(s):  
Crude Oil ◽  
Pour Point ◽  
Optimum Dose ◽  
Heavy Crude Oil ◽  
Cashew Nut Shell Liquid ◽  
Remarkable Improvement ◽  
Cashew Nut ◽  
Heavy Crude ◽  
Cashew Nut Shell ◽  
Flow Improver

AbstractTransportation of heavy crude oil through pipelines poses a great challenge in oil and gas industry. Crude oil chokes the pipelines when the temperature drops below the pour-point temperature. In the present study, a bio-based additive, i.e., Cashew Nut Shell Liquid (CNSL) has been tested as a flow improver for heavy crude. CNSL was obtained from waste cashew nut shell by means of mechanical extraction, and it was completely characterized. Similarly, the crude oil used in the study was characterized for its physio-chemical properties. Also, the crude oil was subjected to Saturates, Aromatics, Resins and Asphaltene analysis and Fourier Transform Infra-Red analysis. The raw and additive-treated crude oil with different CNSL dosages were subjected to pour-point and rheology measurements and optical micro-imaging analysis which indicated a remarkable improvement in flow whereby an optimum dose of 2000 ppm was observed. Furthermore, the effects of different parameters like shear rate, concentration of the flow improver and the effect of temperature on the crude oil flowability were studied. The process variables were optimized by means of Taguchi method, and the percentage contribution of each parameter was identified with the help of ANOVA table. The results indicate that a remarkable improvement in flow was observed at an optimum dose of 2000 ppm. The contribution of the concentration was found to be around 53%, whereas the contributions of the shear rate and the temperature were only 18.08 and 28.91%, respectively. Therefore, it has been observed that CNSL flow improvers extracted from cheap reasonable resources are more effective as they are cost-effective and eco-friendly when compared to conventional additives.

The synergetic effect between hydrogen addition and EGR on cashew nut shell liquid biofuel-diesel operated engine

Fuel ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 266 ◽  
pp. 117004 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Loganathan ◽  
V. Thanigaivelan ◽  
V.M. Madhavan ◽  
A. Anbarasu ◽  
A. Velmurugan
Keyword(s):  
Synergetic Effect ◽  
Cashew Nut Shell Liquid ◽  
Hydrogen Addition ◽  
Cashew Nut ◽  
Cashew Nut Shell ◽  
Liquid Biofuel
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