INVESTIGATION OF EFFECT OF NEW REAGENT COMPOSITIONS ON VARIOUS CRUDE OIL EMULSIONS OF AZERBAIJAN

The article is devoted to the decomposition of strong water-crude oil emulsions formed during the preparation of crude oil for transportation. In the petroleum industry, there is a great need to develop new chemicals to improve the degradation efficiency of stable water- crude oil emulsions. Decomposition of strong water-oil emulsions is considered a key part of crude oil preparation for transportation. Therefore, the development of new demulsifying compositions to improve the degradation efficiency of stable crue oil emulsions remains relevant. This paper presents the results of studies of dehydration processes of Azerbaijani oils and emulsions depending on the degree of watering. The composition is based on Disulfan 4411, Disulfan 13280, Sarola 412, Difron 9426, ND-12 and Gossipol, they were also used to prepare Azerbaijani oil for transportation during laboratory tests of demulsification efficiency (except Difron 9426). During laboratory tests, it was determined that the best results on the degree of residual dehydration of petroleum phases were achieved using a composition called KAV-22. Keywords: Muradhanly, Bulla, Balakhany, Neft dashlari, Dehydration, Surahany, KAV-22.

Evaluation of triethanolamine-cashew nutshell liquid derivatives as crude oil emulsion breakers

Three bio-based crude oil emulsion breakers have been prepared from agricultural waste by chemical treatment of cashew nutshell liquid (CNSL) extract with triethanolamine via a one-pot reaction at 120 ℃. The triethanolamine-ester derivatives were characterized by Fourier Transform–InfraRed spectroscopy. Their effectiveness as crude oil emulsion breakers were investigated experimentally using the bottle test method. The effect of solvent type, water content, and concentration of the emulsion breaker, was used to study the demulsification process and determine their demulsification efficiency at a temperature of 60 ℃ for a contact time of 180 min. A commercial demulsifier, PhaseTreat 4633 (PT-4633) was used as a benchmark. Performance evaluation of the prepared emulsion breakers revealed their effectiveness in descending order as: triethanolamine dianacardate (TED) > triethanolamine trianacardate (TET) > triethanolamine anacardate (TEA). The data reveals that their emulsion breaking efficiency increases with increasing emulsion water content, and concentration. PT-4633 exhibited better demulsification efficiency than the triethanolamine-esters in xylene across the concentration and water content studied. Improved water separation was however observed for the triethanolamine-esters in butanol, as triethanolamine trianacardate (TET) performed better than PT-4633 at 10 ppm to 20 ppm at 30% water content with a water separation of 83.33% and 80% respectively. The evaluated triethanolamine ester derivatives exhibited better emulsion breaking potentials in butanol than xylene at shorter times, which may be due to the synergistic effect of butanol. Therefore, butanol could be used as a sustainable solvent substitute for xylene in demulsifier formulations.

Fabrication of New Demulsifiers Employing the Waste Polyethylene Terephthalate and their Demulsification Efficiency for Heavy Crude Oil Emulsions

Two novel amphiphilic polyethylene amine terephthalate have been prepared via the glycolsis of polyethylene terephthalate (PET). The product, bis (2-hydroxyethyl terephthalate) (BHET), was converted to the corresponding dialkyl halide, bis(2-chloroethyl) terephthalate (BCET), using thionyl chloride (TC). This dialkyl compound was used for alkylation of dodecyl amine (DOA) and tetraethylenepentamine (TEPA) or pentaethylenehexamine (PEHA) to form the corresponding polyethylene amine terephthalate, i.e., DOAT and DOAP, respectively. Their chemical structure, surface tension, interfacial tension (IFT), and dynamic light scattering (DLS) were determined using different techniques. The efficiency of the prepared polyethylene amine terephthalate to demulsify water in heavy crude (W/O) emulsions was also determined and found to increase as their concentrations increased. Moreover, DOAT showed faster and higher efficiency, and cleaner separation than DOAP.

Application of Ionic Liquids for Chemical Demulsification: A Review

In recent years, ionic liquids have received increasing interests as an effective demulsifier due to their characteristics of non-flammability, thermal stability, recyclability, and low vapor pressure. In this study, emulsion formation and types, chemical demulsification system, the application of ionic liquids as a chemical demulsifier, and key factors affecting their performance were comprehensively reviewed. Future challenges and opportunities of ionic liquids application for chemical demulsification were also discussed. The review indicted that the demulsification performance was affected by the type, molecular weight, and concentration of ionic liquids. Moreover, other factors, including the salinity of aqueous phase, temperature, and oil types, could affect the demulsification process. It can be concluded that ionic liquids can be used as a suitable substitute for commercial demulsifiers, but future efforts should be required to develop non-toxic and less expensive ionic liquids with low viscosity, and the demulsification efficiency could be improved through the application of ionic liquids with other methods such as organic solvents.

EMULSION LIQUID MEMBRANE FOR HEAVY METALS REMOVAL: EMULSION BREAKING STUDY

Emulsion liquid membrane (ELM) method has been widely applied in the separation process as the alternative of liquid/liquid extraction. This study compared the application of microwave, ultrasonic probe, and centrifuge in breaking the used emulsion. Demulsification efficiency was investigated in term of water content in the membrane phase solution before and after demulsification. The results showed that the use of microwave to break the used emulsion provided demulsification efficiency of 98.10%, while application of ultrasonic probe was able to break emulsion at efficiency of 98.45%. In the meantime, demulsification efficiency of almost 97% was achieved when employing centrifuge at centrifugation speed of 3000 rpm. Considering the energy consumption, it is recommended to apply microwave irradiation for emulsion breaking. It could save energy up to 97% and 99% compared to that of ultrasonic probe and centrifuge, respectively.

Research and Application of a New Demulsifier for the Processing of Produced Liquid in Chanqing Gasfield

In view of the serious emulsification existing in Changqing condensate gas emulsion, the unclear oil-water interface and the poor application effect of demulsifier used in the field, it is urgent to study an efficient demulsifier. In this paper, PM and XP-1221 two kinds of demulsifiers are used to solve the emulsification problem. The PM demulsifier was compounded with XP-1221 chemical demulsifier to solve the emulsification problem of Changqing condensate. The effect of temperature and demulsifier concentration on demulsification performance was studied by bottle test method. The results showed that XP-1221 and PM could be effectively combined. The demulsification efficiency was high and the dehydrated water was clear. Studies have shown that XP-1221 has a good synergistic effect with PM. The suitable ratio of the composite demulsifier is 1:1, and the demulsifier effect of the demulsifier can meet the requirements of the oil field demulsifier. The composite demulsifier can meet the requirements of current oilfield demulsifiers.

The Demulsification Properties of Cationic Hyperbranched Polyamidoamines for Polymer Flooding Emulsions and Microemulsions

Polymer flooding emulsions and microemulsions caused by tertiary oil recovery technologies are harmful to the environment due to their excellent stability. Two cationic hyperbranched polyamidoamines (H-PAMAM), named as H-PAMAM-HA and H-PAMAM-ETA, were obtained by changing the terminal denotation agents to H-PAMAM, which was characterized by 1H NMR, FT-IR, and amine possession, thereby confirmed the modification. Samples (300 mg/L) were added to the polymer flooding emulsion (1500 mg/L oil concentration) at 30 °C for 30 min and the H-PAMAM-HA and H-PAMAM-ETA were shown to perform at 88% and 91% deoil efficiency. Additionally, the increased settling time and the raised temperature enhanced performance. For example, an oil removal ratio of 97.7% was observed after dealing with the emulsion for 30 min at 60 °C, while 98.5% deoil efficiency was obtained after 90 min at 45 °C for the 300 mg/L H-PAMAM-ETA. To determine the differences when dealing with the emulsion, the interfacial tension, ζ potential, and turbidity measurements were fully estimated. Moreover, diametrically different demulsification mechanisms were found when the samples were utilized to treat the microemulsion. The modified demulsifiers showed excellent demulsification efficiency via their obvious electroneutralization and bridge functions, while the H-PAMAM appeared to enhance the stability of the microemulsion.

Removal of Emulsified Oil from Aqueous Environment by Using Polyvinylpyrrolidone-Coated Magnetic Nanoparticles

In recent years, a large amount of emulsified oily wastewaters were produced from petroleum and food industries, resulting in severe environmental problems. In this study, a series of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)-coated Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) were prepared via one-step solvothermal method by introducing various amounts or types of PVP. The synthesized MNPs were characterized by multiple techniques, and their demulsification performances were evaluated in petrochemical and vegetable oil wastewaters, respectively. Results showed that the introduction of PVP in solvothermal process could significantly enhance the demulsification efficiency of MNPs, although excessive addition of PVP could not further increase its efficiency. Moreover, the effects of pH, surfactant concentration of wastewater, and the recycle number of MNPs on the demulsification performance were investigated in detail. It was found that the demulsification efficiency decreased with the increase of pH and surfactant concentration, and the synthetic MNPs were still effective after being reused for 5 cycles under acidic and neutral conditions. It is expected that the development of the PVP-coated MNPs can provide a simple and powerful route for the oily wastewater treatment.