scholarly journals Cementation of Cd Ions on Zinc Using a Rotating Fixed Bed Impeller Basket Reactor

2021 ◽  
pp. 41-50
Author(s):  
Yousra Hamdy Farid
Keyword(s):  
Mass Transfer ◽  
Rotational Speed ◽  
Rotation Speed ◽  
Initial Period ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Fixed Bed ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Waste Solution ◽  
System A ◽  
Ring Diameter

Cementation or metal displacement reaction is one of the most effective techniques for removing toxic metals from industrial waste solutions. Aims: The main purpose of this work is to study the rate of cementation of cadmium by using a rotating bed of Zn Raschig rings packed in a perforated impeller basket for the investigation of the removal of Cd 2+ from waste solution. Study Design: The reactor was tested for Cd2+ concentration removed, the diameter of Zinc Raschig rings, and the rotational speed of the basket. Methodology: The results indicate that there are two rates of cementation for Cd-Zn system, a high rate at the beginning, followed by a lower rate after the initial period. The results also show that percentage removal of Cd2+ ions from solution increases by increasing the speed of basket rotation, and as the diameter of Zn Raschig ring packed in the basket reactor, increases the removal of Cd2+ decreases. The cadmium deposits on zinc as powder. Results: The removal of Cd2+ is optimum for ring diameter of 0.5 cm, initial concentration of 100 ppm, and basket rotation speed of 500 rpm. The experimental data fit the following equation: Sh=0.041 Sc0.33Re0.40. This equation can be used for the design scale-up and operation of reactors used to remove Cd2+ from wastewater by cementation. Conclusion: Rates of cementation were expressed in terms of the rate of mass transfer, the mass transfer coefficient increases as the rotational speed of the basket increases.

scholarly journals Distance and Rotational Speed Analysis of Coaxial Rotors for UTHM C-Drone

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Che Muhammad Ikram Che Umar ◽  
◽  
Mohd Fadhli Zulkafli ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Rotational Speed ◽  
Rotation Speed ◽  
Flow Simulation ◽  
Power Efficient ◽  
Flow Simulations ◽  
System A ◽  
Coaxial Rotor ◽  
Cad Models ◽  
Total Thrust ◽  
Coaxial Rotors

The prototype of UTHM C-Drone use a coaxial hexacopter concept for its propulsion system. A coaxial rotor consists of two motor and two propellers mounted above each other and aligned in relation to their axis of rotation. The propellers are based on the T-Motor U15XXL KV29 model used in UTHM C-Drone. The distance between the two propellers is usually relative to the radius of the propeller or can be lesser. The objectives for this study are to investigate the effect of distance between upper and lower propeller in a coaxial rotors system and the effect of rotational speed. This study is important to ensure the C-Drone power efficient and capable to lift 180 kg payload. The CAD model of the propeller and coaxial rotors system were designed based on the specification from T-Motor company by Solidworks software and the flow simulations were conducted using Solidworks Flow Simulation module. The total of six CAD models; one for a single propeller and five for coaxial rotors with five difference of distance cases were constructed. For each model, the total thrust was tested from 50% throttle power up to the 90% throttle power. It was found that the coaxial rotors system can generate more thrust than a single propeller but less than double. It was also found that if the lower propeller rotates faster than the upper propeller, the increment of total thrust is very small. However, if the upper propeller rotates faster than the lower propeller, the total thrust increase significantly. For the case of faster upper propeller, as the higher the throttle applied, the thrust increment ratio will decrease, and the efficiency of the thrust produced will be affected. In addition, for same rotation speed, the thrust generated was lesser when both propellers rotate in a same direction compared to when each propeller rotates in the opposite directions of each other.

scholarly journals Rotational Speed Measurement Based on LC Wireless Sensors

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (23) ◽  
pp. 8055
Author(s):  
Yi Zhou ◽  
Lei Dong ◽  
Chi Zhang ◽  
Lifeng Wang ◽  
Qingan Huang
Keyword(s):  
Rotational Speed ◽  
Wireless Sensors ◽  
Rotation Speed ◽  
Maximum Error ◽  
Design System ◽  
Synchronous Detection ◽  
Sensing System ◽  
System A ◽  
Detection Circuit ◽  
Lc Tank

This article presents a method for detecting rotational speed by LC (inductor-capacitor) wireless sensors. The sensing system consists of two identical LC resonant tanks. One is mounted on the rotating part and the other, as a readout circuit, is placed right above the rotating part. When the inductor on the rotating part is coaxially aligned with the readout inductor during rotation, the mutual coupling between them reaches the maximum, resulting in a peak amplitude induced at the readout LC tank. The period of the readout signal corresponds to the rotation speed. ADS (Advanced Design System) software was used to simulate and optimize the sensing system. A synchronous detection circuit was designed. The rotational speed of an electric was measured to validate this method experimentally, and the results indicated that the maximum error of the rotation speed from 16 rps to 41 rps was 0.279 rps.

Open-Pore Sintered Glass as a High-Efficiency Support Medium in Bioreactors: New Results and Long-Term Experiences Achieved in High-Rate Anaerobic Digestion

1990 ◽  
Vol 22 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 25-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Breitenbücher ◽  
M. Siegl ◽  
A. Knüpfer ◽  
M. Radke
Keyword(s):  
Anaerobic Digestion ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Fixed Bed ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Pulp Industry ◽  
Surface Areas ◽  
Sintered Glass ◽  
Inert Carrier ◽  
Process Solutions

An open-pore sintered glass material (SIRAN) was developed for the immobilization of slow growing microorganisms. Due to the excellent properties of the inert carrier, e.g. porosity, pore size distribution, surface area, which can be adjusted individually to the applications, good system efficiencies are possible. Thus in the field of anaerobic digestion significant high COD removal rates are achievable. The open-pore structure of the carrier offers surface areas up to 90.000 m2/m3 to be colonized by active biomass. Compared to conventional support media, the use of open-pore carriers results in high start-up and steady-state performance at high process stability. The fixed bed loop reactor guarantees economical process solutions if open-pore sintered glass raschig rings are applied. Granules and beads have been proven in fluidized bed reactor systems, maintaining COD loading rates of 206 kg/m3 · d by treating evaporator condensates from pulp industry. The paper describes main characteristics of the carrier, treatability studies with pilot plants, scale-up and experiences with full-scale installations at production site using SIRAN carriers.

Extremum-seeking with variable gain control for intensifying biogas production in anaerobic fermentation

2006 ◽  
Vol 53 (4-5) ◽  
pp. 35-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Liu ◽  
G. Olsson ◽  
B. Mattiasson
Keyword(s):  
Anaerobic Fermentation ◽  
Biogas Production ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Fixed Bed ◽  
Gain Control ◽  
Extremum Seeking ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Fixed Bed Reactor ◽  
Variable Gain ◽  
True Value

A state-dependent variable-gain control system is implemented to follow the characteristics of a laboratory-scale up-flow anaerobic fixed-bed reactor dynamically. The transition from one state to another is determined on an hourly basis, depending on difference between the setpoint of the reactor pH and its true value. Considerable improvement of the process stability – reduction of oscillation in both the reactor pH and biogas production rate during high-rate operation, has been achieved, although the control structure is simple and intuitive.

Pemodelan Reaktor Hibrid Anaerob Pengolah Molasse Pada Pembebanan Organik Tinggi

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gede H Cahyana
Keyword(s):  
Fluidized Bed ◽  
Fixed Bed ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket ◽  
Anaerobic Sludge ◽  
Expanded Bed ◽  
Anaerobic Sludge Blanket

Telah dikembangkan reaktor anaerob kecepatan tinggi (high rate) yang merupakan modifikasi reaktor konvensional. Di antaranya berupa (bio)reaktor pertumbuhan tersuspensi (contoh: UASB, Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket) dan reaktor pertumbuhan lekat (Fixed Bed atau Biofilter, Fluidized Bed, Expanded Bed, Rotating Biodisc dan Baffled Reactor). Kedua tipe reaktor di atas memiliki sejumlah kelebihan dan kekurangan. Untuk mengoptimalkan nilai positifnya (terutama untuk keperluan desain) maka reaktor tersebut, pada penelitian ini, disusun menjadi satu urutan yang disebut Reaktor Hibrid Anaerob (Rehan) yakni UASB di bawah dan AF di atasnya. Lebih lanjut, penelitian ini diharapkan dapat memberikan informasi tentang kinerja Rehan dalam mengolah air limbah (substrat) yang konsentrasi zat organiknya (COD) sangat tinggi dan suatu model matematika yang dapat mewakili reaktor tersebut.

Modeling of aerated upflow fixed bed reactors for nitrification

1999 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 85-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Behrendt
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Mass Transfer ◽  
Liquid Phase ◽  
Gas Phase ◽  
Fixed Bed ◽  
Fixed Bed Reactor ◽  
Bulk Liquid ◽  
Initial Value ◽  
Fixed Bed Reactors ◽  
Number Of Cells

A mathematical model for nitrification in an aerated fixed bed reactor has been developed. This model is based on material balances in the bulk liquid, gas phase and in the biofilm area. The fixed bed is divided into a number of cells according to the reduced remixing behaviour. A fixed bed cell consists of 4 compartments: the support, the gas phase, the bulk liquid phase and the stagnant volume containing the biofilm. In the stagnant volume the biological transmutation of the ammonia is located. The transport phenomena are modelled with mass transfer formulations so that the balances could be formulated as an initial value problem. The results of the simulation and experiments are compared.

Design of a continuous flow immobilized-cell reactor for biosynthetical production of L-aspartic acid

1985 ◽  
Vol 50 (10) ◽  
pp. 2122-2133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jindřich Zahradník ◽  
Marie Fialová ◽  
Jan Škoda ◽  
Helena Škodová
Keyword(s):  
Aspartic Acid ◽  
Continuous Flow ◽  
Immobilized Cells ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Fixed Bed ◽  
Packed Bed ◽  
Fixed Bed Reactor ◽  
Experimental Program ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Immobilized Cell

An experimental study was carried out aimed at establishing a data base for an optimum design of a continuous flow fixed-bed reactor for biotransformation of ammonium fumarate to L-aspartic acid catalyzed by immobilized cells of the strain Escherichia alcalescens dispar group. The experimental program included studies of the effect of reactor geometry, catalytic particle size, and packed bed arrangement on reactor hydrodynamics and on the rate of substrate conversion. An expression for the effective reaction rate was derived including the effect of mass transfer and conditions of the safe conversion-data scale-up were defined. Suggestions for the design of a pilot plant reactor (100 t/year) were formulated and decisive design parameters of such reactor were estimated for several variants of problem formulation.

Liquid–solid mass transfer behaviour of a fixed bed airlift reactor

2015 ◽  
Vol 103 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.A. Harraz ◽  
I.A. El Gheriany ◽  
M.H. Abdel-Aziz ◽  
T.M. Zewail ◽  
A.H. Konsowa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mass Transfer ◽  
Fixed Bed ◽  
Airlift Reactor ◽  
Solid Mass
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