scholarly journals Influence of Pesticides on Azospirillum sp. Population and Its Nitrogen Fixation in Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) Soils

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Madhavi ◽  
B. Anuradha ◽  
V. Rangaswamy
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fixation ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea ◽  
Andhra Pradesh ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Black Clay ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L ◽  
Semi Solid ◽  
The Impact

Aim: To study the impact of selected pesticides on Azospirillum sp. population and its nitrification in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) soils.   Study Design: Black clay and red sandy loam soils with known pesticide history were collected from groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) cultivated fields and were investigated to elucidate the impact of pesticides on Azospirillum sp. population and its nitrification in both the soils. Place and Duration of Study: The soil samples were collected from groundnut cultivated fields of Anantapur District, Andhra Pradesh (A.P) and the study was carried out for 3 months. Methodology: Ten gram portions of each soil sample were placed in (25 × 150 mm) test tubes and treated with different concentrations of pesticides, (10, 25, 50, 75 and 100 µg g-1 soil) which were equivalent - 1.0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5 and 10 kg ha-1. Soil samples without pesticides served as controls. The soils with and without pesticides were incubated at room temperature (28 ± 4°C) in the laboratory and moisture content was maintained at 60% water holding capacity (WHC) throughout the experimental period. After 7 and 14 days of incubation, triplicate soil samples were used to estimate the population size of Azospirillum sp. using the MPN method. Five ml aliquots of semi – solid malate medium were added to five MPN tubes and inoculated with 0.5 ml of a soil suspension from 10-1 to 10-5 soil dilutions, and incubated at 37°C. Results: The population of Azospirillum sp. in both soils increased when pesticides were applied @ 2.5 - 5.0 kg ha-1 and incongruity, when the pesticides concentration increased from 7.5 - 10.0 kg ha-1, the Azospirillum sp. population gradually decreased in both soils. Conclusion: The present study aimed at determining the influence of selected pesticides such as oxydemeton methyl, emamectin benzoate, dithane Z-78 and benomyl on the population of Azospirillum sp. and nitrogen fixation in black clay soil and red sandy loam soils in groundnut cultivated fields of Anantapur District, Andhra Pradesh, India. Insecticides and fungicides applied up to 5.0 kg ha-1, enhanced the population of Azospirillum sp. and its nitrogen fixation also increased significantly after 7 and 14 days of incubation in both soils. However, the population of Azospirillum sp., decreased with increasing period of soil incubation in both treated and untreated soils.

scholarly journals Impact of Fungicides Chlorothalonil and Propiconazole on Microbial Activities in Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) Soils

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. C. Ramudu ◽  
G. Jaffer Mohiddin ◽  
M. Srinivasulu ◽  
M. Madakka ◽  
V. Rangaswamy
Keyword(s):  
Arachis Hypogaea ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Soil Health ◽  
Reducing Sugar ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Microbial Activities ◽  
Soil Microbial ◽  
Black Clay ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L

Introduction of agrochemicals (fungicides) into soil may have lasting effects on soil microbial activities and thus affect soil health. In order to determine the changes in microbial activity in a black clay and red sandy loam soils of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) cultivated fields, a case study was conducted with propiconazole and chlorothalonil to evaluate its effects on soil enzymes (cellulase and invertase) throughout 40 days of incubation under laboratory conditions with different concentrations (1.0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, and 10.0 kg ha−1). Individual application of the two fungicides at 1.0, 2.5, and 5.0 kg ha−1 to the soil distinctly enhanced the activities of cellulase and invertase but at higher concentrations of 7.5 and 10 kg ha−1 was toxic or innocuous to both cellulase and invertase activities. In soil samples receiving 2.5–5.0 kg ha−1 of the fungicides, the accumulation of reducing sugar was pronounced more at 20 days, and the activity of the cellulase and invertase was drastically decreased with increasing period of incubation up to 30 and 40 days.

Quantitative Genetic Aspects of Nitrogen Fixation in Peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.)1,2

1980 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 101-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. G. Isleib ◽  
J. C. Wynne ◽  
G. H. Elkan ◽  
T. J. Schneeweis
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fixation ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea ◽  
Gene Action ◽  
Nitrogenase Activity ◽  
Diallel Cross ◽  
Host Genotype ◽  
Combining Abilities ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L ◽  
Shoot Weight ◽  
Simple Evaluation

Abstract Manipulation of the host genotype has been proposed as a method of increasing biological nitrogen fixation by rhizobia in symbiosis with the peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.). The F1 generation of a diallel cross of 10 South American cultivars was evaluated in the greenhouse in an analysis of gene action for traits related to nitrogen fixation. The parents represented five secondary centers of diversity and effects in the diallel model were partitioned into among- and within-center components. Variation of center effects was significant for several characters but was smaller in magnitude than within-center variation. Specific combining abilities were significant and accounted for more variability than general combining abilities for nodule number, nodule mass, specific nitrogenase activity, shoot weight, and total nitrogen, indicating non-additive types of gene action. Maternal effects were observed for the same characters. The parents with the highest general combining abilities (GCA's) for nitrogen fixation were both fastigiate types, while Virginia-type parents had generally low GCA's. Correlations between parental and GCA effects were nonsignificant for all traits, so simple evaluation of lines for nitrogen-fixing capacity may not identify superior parents for use in breeding programs.

scholarly journals Effect of Gypsum on Yield, Grade and Incidence of Pod Rot in Five Peanut Cultivars1

1980 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 109-113 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. E. Walker ◽  
A. S. Csinos
Keyword(s):  
Arachis Hypogaea ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
The Other ◽  
Loamy Sand ◽  
Data Support ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L ◽  
Significant Difference

Abstract Five cultivars of peanuts, (Arachis hypogaea L.), Florunner, Tifrun, Florigiant, Ga. 194 Va. and Early Bunch, were grown at Tifton, Ga. on a Stilson loamy sand, low in calcium (356 kg/ha), and at Plains, Ga. on a Greenville sandy loam, relatively higher in calcium (752 kg/ha), for three years (1977–79) to study the response of yield, grade and incidence of pod rot with applications of gypsum. Plots were topdressed with 0, 560, 1120, or 1680 kg/ha of gypsum. Pod rot did not occur at Plains and no significant difference occurred among gypsum rates for yield, percentages of sound mature kernels (SMK), extra large kernels (ELK), and value/ha for any cultivar. However, significant differences were detected for these variables among cultivars. At Tifton, severe pod rot occurred on plots receiving no gypsum, but the severity decreased for all cultivars as the rate of gypsum applied was increased. Differences in yield, percentages of SMK, ELK, pod rot, value/ha and kernel calcium occurred among cultivars, grown at different gypsum rates. Florunner was significantly higher in yield, percent SMK, and value/ha than the other cultivars at all gypsum rates, and significantly lower in pod rot at 0 and 560 kg/ha gypsum. The amount of calcium in kernels increased for most cultivars as rates of gypsum increased. These data support previous work which indicated a suppression of pod rot and an increase in yield and kernel calcium with applications of gypsum.

scholarly journals Occurrence of Mycotoxins and Toxigenic Fungi in Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) Seeds in Andhra Pradesh, India

2002 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 204-209 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.Krishna Kishore ◽  
S. Pande ◽  
K. Manjula ◽  
J.Narayana Rao ◽  
D. Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Arachis Hypogaea ◽  
Andhra Pradesh ◽  
Toxigenic Fungi ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L

Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) Response to Bradyrhizobia Inoculant Applied In-furrow with Agrichemicals

2010 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
David L. Jordan ◽  
P. Dewayne Johnson ◽  
Rick L. Brandenburg ◽  
Joel Faircloth
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
Nitrogen Fixation ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Commercial Fertilizer ◽  
Pod Yield ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L ◽  
Biological Nitrogen ◽  
Fertilizer Solutions

Abstract Bradyrhizobia is often applied in the seed furrow when peanut is planted to ensure nodulation and subsequent biological nitrogen fixation (BNF). Several fungicides, insecticides, and fertilizer solutions are registered for in-furrow application in peanut while others or currently being evaluated for possible use. The effect of these products on efficacy of Bradyrhizobia inoculant has not been thoroughly investigated. Research was conducted in North Carolina and Virginia to determine peanut response to in-furrow application of Bradyrhizobia inoculant alone or with the fungicides azoxystrobin, boscalid, pyraclostrobin, propiconazole plus trifloxystrobin, and tebuconazole; the insecticide imidacloprid; and the commercial fertilizer Asset® RTU. Peanut yield did not differ in three experiments during 2002 when inoculant was applied alone or with the fungicides azoxystrobin, boscalid, pyraclostrobin, propiconazole plus trifloxystrobin, or tebuconazole. In experiments from 2004–2007, pod yield was lower when inoculant was applied with azoxystrobin, pyraclostrobin, tebuconazole, and fertilizer in three of 11, six of 11, three of 8, and three of 11 experiments, respectively, when compared with inoculant alone. Imidacloprid did not affect peanut yield. Pod yield was not improved by any of the fungicide, insecticide, or fertilizer treatments when compared with inoculant alone. These experiments (2004–2007) were conducted in fields without previous peanut plantings or where rotations were long enough to minimize disease incidence. Although benefits of disease control were not defined in these experiments, these data suggest that adverse effects on inoculant can occur when co-applied with azoxystrobin, pyraclostrobin, tebuconazole, and fertilizer.

scholarly journals Impact of PGPR inoculation on photosynthetic pigment and protein contents in Arachis hypogaea L.

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 29 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Mathivanan, AL. A. Chidambaram, G. Amalan Robert and R. Kalaikandhan
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea ◽  
Plant Development ◽  
Microbial Consortium ◽  
Photosynthetic Pigment ◽  
Protein Substance ◽  
Important Crop ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Potential Tool

The impact of microbial consortium comprising plant development advancing rhizobacteria (PGPR) like Rhizobium, Pseudomonas and Bacillus were tried independently and in blend of Arachis hypogaea. The mixes of previously mentioned PGPR strains essentially expanded photosynthetic color (chlorophyll an and b, add up to chlorophyll and carotenoid) and protein content in  A. hypogaea, when contrasted with the un-inoculated control. The consequences of this study propose that PGPR connected in mix can possibly build the photosynthetic colors and protein substance of A. hypogaea which can be a potential tool in increasing the yield in this economically important crop in sustainable way.

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