scholarly journals Phytopharmacognostic Evaluation of the Leaves OF Gnetum africanum Welw (Gnetaceae)

2020 ◽  
pp. 32-41
Author(s):  
Romanus A. Umoh ◽  
Uwemedimo F. Umoh ◽  
Imoh I. Johnny ◽  
Omodot T. Umoh ◽  
Victor U. Anah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Angle Of Repose ◽  
Stomatal Index ◽  
Calcium Oxalate Crystals ◽  
Abaxial Surface ◽  
Standard Procedures ◽  
Root Stock ◽  
Leaf Powder ◽  
Stomatal Number

Background: Gnetum africanum Welw (Gnetaceae) also called African salad and Afang in Ibibio language is an evergreen, perennial, shade-tolerant vine with woody stems which can climb up to 12m or more from a tuberous root-stock. It has culinary and medicinal importance. Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate pharmacognostic parameters of Gnetum africanum. Methods: The leaves were identified, collected, air-dried, pulverized, weighed and subjected to the evaluation of its microscopy, micromeritics, chemomicroscopy, fluorescence, soluble extractive values, moisture content and ash values using standard procedures. Results: The results obtained from microscopy revealed that the leaf has brachyparacytic, stomata, 3-5 armed and stellate trichromes on the abaxial surface. The epidermal cell wall pattern was undulate on the abaxial surface and sinuous on the adaxial surface. Stomatal number was found to be 3.1 ± 0.25 on the abaxial surface and Stomatal index was found to be 16.8% on the abaxial surface. The micromeritics analysis of the leaf powder revealed passable flow with the angle of repose of 420. The result of chemomicroscopy of the leaf revealed the presence of mucilage, lignin, calcium oxalate crystals, starch and oil. For water-soluble extractive value, the result was 13.25%w/w, methanol-soluble extractive value 4.25%w/w, ethanol-soluble extractive value 4%w/w, moisture content 10.5%w/w, total ash value was 5%w/w, acid-insoluble ash value 1%w/w, water-soluble ash value 2%w/w and sulfated- ash value 6% w/w. Conclusion: The results obtained from the pharmacognostic study provides information for the identity, quality and purity of Gnetum africanum.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Pharmacognostic Characteristics of the Leaf of Ageratum houstonianum Mill. Compositae

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 107-115
Author(s):  
G. O. Alade ◽  
A. Frank ◽  
G. S. Uwakwe ◽  
O. O. Awotona ◽  
K. K. Ajibesin
Keyword(s):  
Quality Control ◽  
Medicinal Plants ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Chemical Constituents ◽  
Lower Surface ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Abaxial Surface ◽  
Standard Procedures ◽  
Quality Control Parameters ◽  
Palisade Cells

Background: It is a well-known fact that therapeutic efficacy and safety of medicinal plants depend on the quality and quantity of chemical constituents and that the misuse of medicinal plants starts with wrong identification.Objectives: The aim of this study is to establish some pharmacognostic standards for Ageratum houstonianum Mill (Compositae) which has high medicinal values, with a view to determining the proper identification and other quality control parameters of the plant.Method: The fresh leaf and powdered leaves were subjected to macroscopy and microscopy using standard procedures. In addition, some physicochemical evaluations such as moisture content, ash and soluble extractives were carried out on the powdered leaves.Results: The result shows that the leaf is simple, pinnate, diamond shaped, serrated margin, acute apex and asymetrical base. Microscopically, the leaf is amphistomatic in nature with anomocytic and anisocytic stomata at the adaxial and anomocytic and diacytic at the abaxial surface. Non-glandular uniseriate trichomes are present on both surfaces. The transverse section across the midrib shows epidermis, collenchyma, palisade cells and a few rolls of phloem around the xylem vessels. The stomata numbers and stomata indices for the upper and lower surface, respectively are1.4 and 10.2 and 2.9 and 15.6. Moisture content, total ash, acid insoluble ash, water soluble ash, sulphated ash, water soluble and alcohol soluble extractives yields 10.3%, 15.2%, 0.8%, 20.2%, 14.4% and 5.1%, respectively.Conclusion: The findings in this study are useful for establishing standards suitable for official monographs on Ageratum houstonianum proper identification and quality control. Keywords: Pharmacognostic standards, Ageratum houstonianum, Quality control

scholarly journals Phyto Pharmacognostic Study of Lagerstroemia speciosa - An Analytical Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (05) ◽  
pp. 206-213
Author(s):  
Jyothi S. Murthy ◽  
B. R. Lalitha ◽  
Aahalya Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Analytical Study ◽  
Microscopical Study ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Lower Epidermis ◽  
Calcium Oxalate Crystals ◽  
Phytochemical Study ◽  
Lagerstroemia Speciosa ◽  
Anomocytic Stomata ◽  
Leaf Powder ◽  
Sugar Levels

Lagerstroemia speciosa (L.) Pers (Hindi - Jarul, Taglog - Banaba) a member of Lythraceae family is found all over India, specially in Bengal, Assam and Deccan Peninsula. The leaves of L. speciosa is widely used for lowering blood sugar levels in Philippines, Japan and Taiwan. Pharmacognostical investigation of leaves of L. speciosa was done by evaluating its morphological, microscopical studies, Physicochemical and phytochemical parameters. Rasa Nirdharana was done. Microscopical study revealed presence of epidermal cells contained clusters of rosette aggregate calcium oxalate crystals and few cells were mucilaginous. Lower epidermis showed the presence of anomocytic stomata. Physical constants of leaf powder showed, loss on drying - 3.8%, total ash - 6.7%, acid insoluble ash - 1.039%, water soluble extractive value - 8.88%, alcohol soluble extractive value - 4.49% and pH - 5.75. Preliminary phytochemical study revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, triterpenes, tannins, proteins and iron. Rasa Nirdharana confirmed the leaves are Kashaya in Rasa. The Pharmacognostical study was useful for authentication of leaves of Lagerstoemia speciosa.

scholarly journals PHARMACOGNOSTICAL STUDIES OF LEAVES OF ACACIA ETBAICA SUBSPECIES UNCINATA

2021 ◽  
pp. 76-80
Author(s):  
SALEH KASSEM ALGFRI
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Microscopic Study ◽  
Glandular Trichomes ◽  
Fluorescence Analysis ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Fluorescence Parameters ◽  
Leaf Powder ◽  
Dark Green ◽  
Green Odor ◽  
Powdered Drug

bjective: The objective of the study is to analyze the microscopic, macroscopic, and physicochemical standards of the leaves of the Acacia etbaica subspecies uncinata. Methods: Pharamacognostic studies (macroscopic, microscopic, and powder microscopy) were carried out. Physicochemical standards (ash values, extractives values, and moisture content by loss on drying) were determined. Fluorescence analysis of powdered drug was also performed. Results: The macroscopic study showed that the leaves were bipinnate with 3–11 pairs of pinnae, each containing 7–25 pairs of leaflets. The leaflet was linear with parallel margins and a rounded at the apex, color was dark green, odor was characteristic and the taste was astringent. The characteristic microscopy of leaves showed the presence of polygonal and rectangular epidermal cells in the center of the lamina and rectangular at the edges, paracytic stomata, non-glandular trichomes, and reticulate venations. The microscopic study of petiole, rachis, and rachilla revealed the presence of elongate, swollen conical-shaped, flagelliform, and wavy trichomes. The powder microscopy also revealed paracytic stomata, trichomes with pedestals, and annular vessels. Physiochemical analysis of dried leaf powder showed total ash, acid insoluble ash, water-soluble ash, water extractive value, ethanol extractive value, and moisture content as 6.11%, 2.50%, 4.57%, 32.50%, 14.10%, and 7.26% w/w respectively. The fluorescence analysis of leaf powder was established. Conclusion: Various pharmacognostic, physicochemical, and fluorescence parameters observed in this study will help in the identification and standardization of the leaves of A. etbaica subspecies uncinata.

scholarly journals Phytopharmceutical Standardization of Leaves of Jatropha tanjorensis J. L. Ellis & Saroja. (Euphorbiaceae)

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Romanus A. Umoh ◽  
Uwemedimo F. Umoh ◽  
Imoh I. Johnny ◽  
Omodot T. Umoh ◽  
Victor U. Anah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Glass Container ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Angle Of Repose ◽  
Plant Sample ◽  
Standard Procedures ◽  
Anomocytic Stomata ◽  
Microscopic Features ◽  
Microscopic Studies ◽  
Bulk Volume ◽  
Tapped Density

Jatropha tanjorensis J.L. Ellis & Saroja. (Euphorbiaceae) is a shrub commonly used as an edible vegetable and is also used as a tonic herb. The study was aimed to evaluate pharmacognostic parameters of Jatropha tanjorensis leaves. The plant leaves were collected, air-dried, pulverized and stored in a clean glass container. Standard procedures were employed to obtain the microscopic features of the fresh and powdered samples, micromeritic, chemomicroscopy, fluorescence properties, moisture content, ash values and soluble extractive values were also carried out. The results of the microscopic studies using the fresh and powered leaf samples revealed the presence of anomocytic, anomalous and paracytic stomata on the abaxial surface and anomocytic stomata on the adaxial surface. The plant sample also possessed unicellular trichomes. Results of micromeritic properties of the powdered samples show bulk volume of 38.67±0.7, tapped volume of 30.00±0.4, bulk density of 0.26±0.00, tapped  density of 0.33±0.00, angle of repose of 350, Carr’s Index of 22.96±2.15, Hausner’s ratio of 1.27±0.03, pH of 7.51 and 7.52 when hot and cold respectively. Chemomicroscopy studies revealed the presence of lignin, mucilage, calcium oxalate crystals, starch and oil in the powdered leaf. Results for moisture contents was 18.33±0.01% w/w, total ash value was 9.33±0.00%w/w, acid-insoluble ash value was 0.67±0.01%w/w, water-soluble ash value was 4.0±0.00%w/w and sulfated ash value was 14±0.01%w/w. Results for ethanol-soluble extractive value was 15±0.00%w/w, methanol-soluble extractive value was 19±0.00%w/w and water-soluble extractive value was 27±0.01%w/w. In conclusion, the above evaluation and parameters could be used to establish pharmacopoeial standard of both fresh and powdered drug of Jatropha tanjorensis.

scholarly journals Phytopharmacognostic Standardization of the Leaves of Buchholzia coriacea Engler. (Capparidaceae)

2020 ◽  
pp. 33-42
Author(s):  
Romanus A. Umoh ◽  
Uwemedimo F. Umoh ◽  
Imoh I. Johnny ◽  
Anwanabasi E. Udoh ◽  
Victor U. Anah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Product ◽  
Glass Container ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Angle Of Repose ◽  
Powdered Sample ◽  
Standard Procedures ◽  
Anomocytic Stomata ◽  
Microscopic Features ◽  
Bulk Volume ◽  
Tapped Density

Buchholzia coriacea Engl. is a medicinal plant belonging to the family Capparidaceae. It has antimicrobial, anthelmintic, antidiabetic and antihypercholesterol activities.  The aim of this study was to employ the quality control parameters in the evaluation of the leaf of B. coriacea. The plant leaves were collected, air dried, pulverized and stored in a clean glass container. Standard procedures were carried out to obtain the microscopic features of the fresh and powdered samples, micromeritic, chemomicroscopy, fluorescence properties, soluble extractive values, moisture contents and ash values.  The results of the microscopic study using fresh and powdered leaf samples revealed the presence of anomocytic stomata on the abaxial surface (hypostomatic) with mean length of 31.8 ± 0.6 cm. The cell shape was polygonal and straight anticlinal cell wall pattern. Results of the micromeritic properties of the powdered sample showed bulk volume of 31.00± 0.70cm, tapped volume of 25.1± 0.20 cm, bulk density of 0.32 ± 0.01g/m, tapped density of 0.39± 0.01g/ml, flow rate of 2.2 ± 0.08g/s, angle of repose of 26.1 ± 1.3 degrees, Carr’s index of 18.9± 1.35 %, Hausner’s ratio of 1.23 ± 0.02, pH of 8.0 when cold and 8.2 when hot for the powdered sample liquid extract. The results of the chemomicroscopic study revealed the presence of lignin, mucilage, calcium oxalate crystals, oil, calcium carbonate, but starch was absent. Results for the ethanol-soluble extractive value was 7 ± 0.00%    , water-soluble extractive value was 14 ± 0.00%   and methanol-soluble extractive value was 3 ± 0.00%  for the powdered samples. Results for the moisture content was 10.3 ± 0.00% , total ash values was 6.3± 0.00% , acid-insoluble ash value was 1 ± 0.00% , water-soluble ash value was 3±0.00%  and sulfated ash values was 7.5 ± 0.00% . In conclusion, the above evaluation methods and parameters there in could be used to identify and authenticate both the fresh and powdered crude drug product of Buchholzia coriacea.

scholarly journals Exploration of Phytopharmacognostic Study of Alianthus excelsa Roxb.(Simaroubaceae) Leaves

2021 ◽  
pp. 34-44
Author(s):  
Poonam Shinde ◽  
Rajendra Bhambar ◽  
Pankaj Patil
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Mass Spectroscopy ◽  
Phenolic Content ◽  
Methanolic Extract ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
Leaf Powder ◽  
Soluble Acid ◽  
Dried Extract

Aim: The purpose of this research is to look at the pharmacognostic and phytochemical properties of Alianthus excelsa leaves. Methods and Materials: The tree Alianthus excelsa Roxb. belongs to the Simaroubaceae family and is native to Central and Southern India. The entire methanolic extract of Alianthus excelsa leaves was examined for its microscopical, physicochemical, phytochemical, isolation, characterisation, and anti-inflammatory activities. Leaf powder was tested for total ash, water soluble, acid insoluble, alcohol soluble extractive, water soluble extractive, moisture content, and fluorescence property. Results: Carbohydrates, phenolics, flavonoids, alkaloids, and amino acids were found in the leaf methanolic oven dried extract. To determine the existence of phenolic content in extracts, total phenolic and total flavonoid contents were calculated. Phytoconstituents such as flavonoids and saponin glycoside were found in the leaf sections throughout the experiment, which were isolated using column chromatography and characterised using IR, NMR, and mass spectroscopy. Three flavonoids and one flavonoid

scholarly journals Micromorphological and Pharmacognostic Studies of Leaf and Stem of Solenostemon monostachyus P. Beauv (Lamiaceae)

2021 ◽  
pp. 230-240
Author(s):  
Romanus A. Umoh ◽  
Imoh I. Johnny ◽  
Anwanabasi E. Udoh ◽  
Nsima A. Andy ◽  
Affiong C. Essien ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Soluble ◽  
Control Parameters ◽  
Plant Leaves ◽  
Calcium Oxalate Crystals ◽  
Total Acid ◽  
Drug Products ◽  
Standard Procedures ◽  
Quality Control Parameters ◽  
Microscopic Features ◽  
Microscopic Studies

Solenostemon monostachyus P. Beauv (Lamiaceae), it’s ethnomedical uses include anti-plasmodial, anti-pyretic, antiulcerogenic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive activities. The aim of this study was to employ the quality control parameters in the evaluation of the leaf and stem of Solenostemon monostachyus to aid in the identification and standardization of the medicinal plant. The plant leaves and stems were collected, identified, air-dried, pulverized and stored in separate glass containers. Standard procedures were employed to obtain the microscopic features of the fresh and powdered samples, micromeritic, chemomicroscopy, fluorescence properties, moisture contents, ash values and soluble extractive values. The results of the microscopic studies using fresh and powdered leaf samples revealed the presence of diacytic stomata on both the abaxial and adaxial surfaces (amphistomatic), with stomatal index of 27.9% and 14.8% respectively. The result of the micromeritics properties of the powdered leaf and stem samples showed angles of repose of 38.0o and 46.0o, Carr’s index of 23.7% and 32.5% and Hausner’s ratios of 1.3 and 1.5 respectively. Results for the moisture content, total, acid-insoluble and water-soluble ash values were 11.7%w/w, 13.7%w/w, 1.8%w/w and 9.4%w/w for the leaf and 13.3%w/w, 17.3%w/w, 1.8%w/w and 9.2%w/w for the stem respectively. Extractive values for water-soluble, methanol-soluble and ethanol-soluble were 26.5%w/w, 32.3%w/w, 14.5%w/w and 15.5%w/w, 15.8%w/w and 14.5%w/w for the leaf and stem respectively. Chemomicroscopy indicated the presence of lignin, calcium oxalate crystals and protein in the leaf and stem. The results obtained therefore could be used to establish pharmacopoeial standard for the fresh and powdered drug products of Solenostemon monostachyus, thus preventing adulteration.

scholarly journals Pharmacognostic and Taxonomic Studies of Cola parchycarpa K. Schum. (Malvaceae)

2020 ◽  
pp. 33-45
Author(s):  
Imoh I. Johnny ◽  
Margret E. Bassey
Keyword(s):  
Fluorescence Analysis ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Angle Of Repose ◽  
Phytochemical Screening ◽  
Abaxial Surface ◽  
Margin Entire ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Fluorescence Characteristics ◽  
Characteristic Features ◽  
Taxonomic Studies

C. pachycarpa is a lesser-known member of the genus Cola in the family Malvaceae. In Nigeria its fruits are edible but with non-edible seeds as the general Cola ‘Kolanut” This study is carried out to evaluate the taxonomic and pharmacognostic characters of Cola pachycarpa K. Schum. for its identification, authentication and standardization. The pharmacognostic and taxonomic characters were determined from macroscopy, microscopy, petiole anatomy, powder microscopy, chemomicroscopy, micromeritic properties, ash values, extractive values, fluorescence analysis and phytochemical screening using standard methods. The leaves of C. pachycarpa were alternate, petiolate, compound and trifoliate. Petioles were within 45-50 cm long, leaflets 20-38 cm long, 10-19 cm wide, the middle leaflet were often longer than others. Leaflets were short petiolulate to subsessile, leaflet shape was elliptic, apex acuminate, margin entire and texture hairy on the abaxial surface of the leaflet with brown caducuous hairs on the abaxial surface only. Stem was erect, woody and scabrid about 4-10 cm in diameter. The fruit was 15 cm long and 7 cm wide with about 3-5 seeds occurring in a pod. Preliminary phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoid, saponins, tannins and cardiac glycosides but anthraquinone was absent for the leaf while all were present except alkaloid, cardiac glycoside and anthraquinone in the stem. Epidermal cells were polygonal with straight anticlinal walls. Drusiferous crystals were observed on the petioles. Leaflets were hypostomatic with anisocytic stomata and stellate trichomes on the abaxial surface. The chemomicroscopic study revealed the presence of lignin, starch, cellulose, oils, calcium oxalate crystals, mucilage and protein for both leaf and stem. The fluorescence characteristics showed the presence of different colours supporting the presence of various phytoconstituents for both leaf and stem. The flow properties for both leaf and stem were fair and passable with the angle of repose of 35° and 45°respectively. The quantitative epidermal studies, chemomicroscopic and fluorescence characteristics revealed characteristic features for the drug. The physico-chemical results for leaf and stem gave total ash of 8.24% and 11.5%, water soluble ash of 3.71% and 3.20%, acid-insoluble ash of 0.99% and 4.33% and moisture content of 10.58% and 4.33%, water-soluble extractive of 12.50 % and 9.40%, ethanol-soluble extractive of 9.10% and 2.90%, methanol-soluble extractive of 8.00 % and 2.30% and ethyl-acetate acetate-soluble extractive of 2.00% and 0.50% respectively. The findings of the research will help in the identification and authentication of the plant as well as establishing standards for quality, purity, safety, efficacy and reproducibility in phytomedicine.

scholarly journals PHARMACOGNOSTIC AND PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING OF HELICTERES ISORA ROOTS

2016 ◽  
pp. 96 ◽  
Author(s):  
Veena Sharma ◽  
Urmila Chaudhary
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Wound Healing ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Cardiac Glycosides ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Phytochemical Screening ◽  
Microbial Infection ◽  
Active Constituents ◽  
Standard Procedures ◽  
Helicteres Isora

<p>ABSTRACT<br />Objective: Helicteres isora Linn. roots have been reported to use in microbial infection, diabetes, dysentery colic, scabies, wound healing, and<br />gastropathy. The main objective of this study was preliminary phytochemical screening of various fractions of H. isora roots.<br />Methods: In this study, pharmacognostic and phytochemical investigations on the various fractions of H. isora roots were carried out with the<br />standard procedures.<br />Results: The pharmacognostic analysis revealed moisture content (0.18%), total ash (4%), acid insoluble ash (1%), and water soluble ash (1.5%). The<br />qualitative phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, amino acids, proteins, carbohydrates, flavonoids, cardiac glycosides, saponin,<br />steroids, terpenoids, and tannins.<br />Conclusion: H. isora roots are a rich source of various biological active constituents. H. isora may be further investigated for the isolation of bioactive<br />compound that could be developed into drug for the treatment of various human diseases.<br />Keywords: Helicteres isora, Pharmacognostic, Phytochemical, Roots.</p><p> </p>

An SEM study of raphide crystal initials in the leaves of vitis (grape)

1995 ◽  
Vol 53 ◽  
pp. 984-985
Author(s):  
H. J. Arnott ◽  
M. A. Webb ◽  
L. E. Lopez
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Oxalate ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Calcium Oxalate Crystals ◽  
Calcium Oxalate Crystal ◽  
Oxalate Crystals ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Sem Study ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Crystal Cells ◽  
Crystal Idioblast

Many papers have been published on the structure of calcium oxalate crystals in plants, however, few deal with the early development of crystals. Large numbers of idioblastic calcium oxalate crystal cells are found in the leaves of Vitis mustangensis, V. labrusca and V. vulpina. A crystal idioblast, or raphide cell, will produce 150-300 needle-like calcium oxalate crystals within a central vacuole. Each raphide crystal is autonomous, having been produced in a separate membrane-defined crystal chamber; the idioblast''s crystal complement is collectively embedded in a water soluble glycoprotein matrix which fills the vacuole. The crystals are twins, each having a pointed and a bidentate end (Fig 1); when mature they are about 0.5-1.2 μn in diameter and 30-70 μm in length. Crystal bundles, i.e., crystals and their matrix, can be isolated from leaves using 100% ETOH. If the bundles are treated with H2O the matrix surrounding the crystals rapidly disperses.

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