scholarly journals Lithotriptic Effects of Phyllanthus fraternus Methanol Leaf Extract on Ethylene Glycol-induced Kidney Calculi in Albino Rats

2021 ◽  
pp. 26-34
Author(s):  
I. J. Omeh ◽  
M. S. Nadro
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Ethylene Glycol ◽  
Normal Control ◽  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Calcium Phosphates ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Kidney Calculi ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Phyllanthus Fraternus

This study was designed to evaluate the Lithotriptic potentials of Phyllantus fraternus methanol leaf extract on ethylene glycol-induced kidney calculi in albino rats. Ethylene glycol (1% v/v) was administered in their drinking water for a period of 28 days. The Treatment was done with the extract at 200 mg/kg, 400 mg/kg and 600 mg/kg body weights. Cystone® at 500 mg/kg body weight was also given for a period of 21 days to the standard control group. The serum parameters such as calcium, phosphates, magnesium and albumin were measured and evaluated. The results for the Lithotriptic activity, where the kidney homogenates were analyzed are described as thus, the phosphate concentrations when compared were significant (p<0.05) between the groups’ 600 mg/kg body weight (9.61 ± 1.17) and the normal control (5.67 ± 0.70). Significant differences (p<0.05) for phosphates were also observed between 600 mg/kg (9.61 ± 1.17) and 200 mg/kg body weights (12.06 ± 0.51); 400 mg/kg (7.64 ± 0.44) and 200 mg/kg body weights (12.06 ± 0.51) and the 200 mg/kg and standard control groups Cystone® (7.96 ± 0.56) respectively. Significant differences (p<0.05) were also observed for phosphates concentration, when the normal control (5.67 ± 0.70) was compared to the 400 mg/kg body weight (7.64 ± 0.44) and the standard control group Cystone® (7.96 ± 0.56). From this study, it can be deduced that, the presented data indicated that, the administration of Phyllanthus fraternus methanol leaf extract to rats with ethylene glycol-induced kidney calculi, reduced and prevented the growth of kidney calculi, supporting the folklore claim regarding its Lithotriptic activity.

Evaluation of hepatotoxicity effect of methanol leave extract of Gongronema latifolium in Albino rats

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 014-022
Author(s):  
Omodamiro O.D. ◽  
Alaebo P.O. ◽  
Olukotun B.G. ◽  
Chikezie P.C.
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Normal Control ◽  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Histopathological Study ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Leaf Extracts ◽  
Group 5 ◽  
Gongronema Latifolium

Gongronema latifolium is highly medicinal in nature. The fundamental ingredients used for medicinal purposes are stored in the various parts of the plant such as the fruits, seeds, leaves, root and stem. This present study is aimed to evaluate the hepatotoxicity effect of methanolic leaf extract of Gongronema latifolium on albino rats. This study was divided into five groups normal control groups: received commercial rat feed and water, group 2: received 1000 mg/kg b.w. of leaf extract of Gongronema latifolium, group 3: received 500 mg/kg b.w of leaf extract of G. latifolium, group 4; received 250 mg/kg of leaf extract of Gongronema latifolium, and group 5: received 125mg/kg of leaf extract of Gongronema latifolium. The result shows a significant (p<0.05) increase in serum levels of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, total and conjugate bilirubin when compared to the normal control not giving the extract. Administration graded dosage of 1000mg/kg and 500mg/kg body weight significantly (p<0.05) increased the liver damage marker enzymes when compared with groups that received low dosage of 250mg/kg and 125mg/kg body weight and the normal control groups. The histopathological study revealed severe portal inflammation without steatosis and moderate portal inflammation in groups that received 1000mg/kg and 500mg/kg. Therefore, these results suggested that methanol leaf extracts of Gongronema latifolium possess hepatotoxic properties and strict caution must be observed when using the plant extract as a natural remedy of any disease.

scholarly journals Body Weight and Platelet Count Changes in Zidovudine Administered Wistar Albino Rats Treated with Ethanolic Extracts of Annona muricata and Fagara zanthoxyloide

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
Ekere, Oghenekaro Uchechukwu ◽  
Ikpeama, Utomoibor Evelyn
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Platelet Count ◽  
Normal Control ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Fixed Dose ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Annona Muricata ◽  
Ethanolic Extracts ◽  
Wistar Albino Rats

Zidovudine administration either in single or fixed-dose combination usually results in a decrease in body weight and in some cases thrombocytopenia. The present study investigated the body weight and platelet count changes observed in zidovudine pre-administered Wistar albino rats on treatment with ethanolic extracts of the leaves Annona muricata (AM) and roots of Fagara zanthoxyloide (FZ). Plants samples were collected from Alakahia community, Rivers state and Opoo community, Ogun state; while Wistar albino rats were grouped into normal control, negative control (receiving zidovudine at 100 g/ml/Kg bw), AM and FZ extract treatment (at 4.5 and 3.8 g/ml/Kg B.W respectively) groups with analysis performed bi-weekly. All tests were performed using standard procedures with all reagents of analytic grade. Phytochemical screening of the extracts showed significantly high amounts of alkaloids (10.47- 21.15 mg / 100 g), phenols (10.60-15.22 mg / 100 g) and tannins (14.23 - 50.19 mg / 100 g). The investigation into their proximate compositions also showed high fat (5.78 ± 0.02) in FZ, moisture (10.47 ± 0.05) in AM and fibre (7.37 ± 0.03) in FZ. The amino acid phenylalanine (5.10-6.01 g / 100 g), isoleucine (4.44-5.20 g / 100 g), lysine (4.03 -5.31 g / 100 g) was observed to be available in the extracts. In the normal control group body weight increased by 20.75 g at week 6 while administration of Zidovudine, resulted in a decreased in bodyweight by 1.14 g in week 2 and 3.32 g in week 6. Extract treatment caused a significant increase (p≤0.05) in body weight by 17.95g (AM) and 18.23g (FZ) at week 6. Platelet count was also observed to significantly decrease (p≤0.05) by 33.42% in the negative control group when compared to the normal control. This was observed to significant increases in extract treatment by 49.56% (AM) and 51.32% (FZ). The results thus suggest a possible beneficial effect of the extracts of AM and FZ in checkmating the weight and platelet loss observed as a side effect of zidovudine therapy as well as the possible use in haemorrhagic conditions to reduce bleeding without thromboembolism.

scholarly journals Effect of ethanol extract of Telfairia occidentalis leaf on some biochemical parameters of 2,4-dinitrophenyl hydrazine induced oxidative stress in albino rats

2020 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 106-109
Author(s):  
Oyedele Elliot Seyifunmi ◽  
Ayorinde Ajayi
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Oxidative Damage ◽  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Treated Group ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Telfairia Occidentalis ◽  
Damage Condition

AbstractIn this study, we attempt to verify the claim that the leaf-extract of Telfairia occidentalis can remedy oxidative damage condition as well as assess its phytochemical content. Fifteen male albino rats weighing 180 g to 240 g were randomly divided into three groups of five rats each. Group A was designated the control group while group B and C were both induced with 40 mg/kg body weight 2,4-dinitrophenyl hydrazine. Group C was subsequently treated with 200 mg/kg body weight of ethanol extract of T. occidentalis leaf for 21 days. At the end of the treatment, the animals were sacrificed, and serum of the samples were subjected to relevant tests. Result shows that the plant leaf contained saponin, tannins, alkaloids, flavonoids and phenols whereas, terpenes, steroids and anthraquinones were not detected. The serum enzymes alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were significantly elevated from 17.43 u/L and 28.40 u/L to 21.60 u/L and 34.27 u/L respectively. These were significantly lowered in the group C to 18.37 u/L and 29.23 u/L respectively for ALT and ALP. Also, a significant lowering of superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was observed in the treated group (54.33 u/mg) from 79.40 u/mg recorded in the intoxicated group. Similarly, a significant decrease in malondialdehyde was observed in the treated group (25.80 u/mg) relative to the intoxicated group (35.87 u/mg). Moreover, catalase activity in the treated group (7.43 u/mg) was significantly lower compared with the intoxicated group. Our observation confirmed that ethanolic leaf extract of T. occidentalis reversed the oxidative damage condition in albino rats. The result confirms the ethnomedicinal use of the plant in the management of oxidative stress related diseases.

scholarly journals Ameliorative Effect of Administering Avocado (Persea americana) Leaf Extract on Lead Acetate Toxicity in the Brain-cerebellum of Albino Rats

2020 ◽  
pp. 29-37
Author(s):  
Ubi Essien Isaac
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Lead Poisoning ◽  
Lead Acetate ◽  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Herbal Remedy ◽  
Persea Americana ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Histological Techniques ◽  
The Brain

Aim: To investigate whether the aqueous extract of avocado leaves can be used in alternative medicine for the remediation or treatment of lead poisoning in the brain. Study Design: Pure Experiment, using animal models. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Abia State University, Uturu, Nigeria; between January 2019 and June 2019. Methodology: Twenty albino Wistar rats including both male and female, and weighing around 155 g were randomly assigned to four groups (designated as A,B,C and D), with each group consisting of five animals. While group A served as the control, group B was administered a daily dose of 500 mg/kg body weight of avocado leaf extract, group C received 150 mg/kg body weight per day of lead acetate, and group D was given 150 mg/kg body weight per day of lead acetate and immediately followed with 500 mg/kg body weight/day of the avocado leaf extract. Treatments were given once daily through the oral route using a syringe with attached micropipette tube for 15 days, while the animals had access to water and chow ad libitum. The rats were euthanized on the 16th day by cervical dislocation and the cranial cavity was carefully exposed in order to dissect the brain and to obtain tissue samples from the cerebellum, which were then prepared for microscopic examination using routine histological techniques, with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stains. Results: The findings showed the extract to be ameliorative by reducing histomorphological distortions of lead acetate toxicity in the brain, and thus caused moderate regeneration of the cerebellar tissue. Conclusion: The outcome of this research therefore indicates that the avocado leaf extract has medicinal potentials and could serve as an herbal remedy in the alternative treatment of lead poisoning.

scholarly journals Acute Toxicity Assessment of the methanolic leaf extract of Annona squamosa Bark in Male Albino Rats

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 151-155
Author(s):  
Jamila Saleh ◽  
◽  
Funsho Olowoniyi ◽  
Ekpa Emmanuel ◽  
Abdulrahman Abdullateef ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Lethal Dose ◽  
Dose Effect ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Annona Squamosa ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Different Doses

Throughout the history of man, traditional and herbal method of treatment of diseases has been used without considering the dose effect. Therefore, this present study is an attempt on investigating the effect of different doses of Annona squamosa methanolic leaf extract on male wistar Rats especially the delicate organs. The work involves oral administration of different doses (10, 100, 1000, 1600, 2900, 5000 mg/kg body weight) of the extract to groups of rats according to Lorkes method. The animals were monitored for 30 days at every 24 hours interval in order to find the median lethal dose (LD50) of the extract. Internal organ-body weight ratios (OBR) of animals in the test groups were determined and compared with those of the control group. LD50 was found to be greater than 5000mg/kg body weight without any significant decrease (p>0.05) in body weight. Biochemical analysis of Aspartate amino transferase (AST), Alanine amino transferase (ALT), Albumin and globulin of animals administered with extract showed no significant difference compared to the control groups (p>0.05) but concentration of Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) indicated obvious changes in the treated groups compared to the control groups (p<0.05). Histopathology of the kidney revealed some inflammation at 1000, 1600, and 5000 mg/kg body weight. The implications of using this extract within safe doses in traditional medicine is hereby discussed

scholarly journals Effect of Amomum subulatum seeds against cypermethrin induced haematological changes in wistar albino rats

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 604
Author(s):  
Goutham Sagarkatte Puttanna ◽  
Purushotham K. ◽  
Swarnalatha Nayak ◽  
Eesha B. Rao ◽  
Ravi Mundugaru
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Normal Control ◽  
Protective Role ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Test Drug ◽  
Group Iii ◽  
Group I ◽  
Amomum Subulatum ◽  
Wistar Albino Rats

Background: Cypermethrin is a well know agricultural pesticide used in the developing countries. It is associated with significant toxic potential on human health. Hence the present study was aimed to evaluate the protective role of Amomum subulatum against cypermethrin induced haematalogical changes in Wistar albino rats.Methods: The albino rats were divided into five different groups of six rats each. Group I considered as normal control, group II cypermethrin control (25mg/kg body weight p.o.), group III only test drug and group IV and V administered with cypermethrin 25mg/kg body weight along test drug 1.08 and 2.16mg/kg body weight for 28 consecutive days. At the end of 28th day blood was withdrawn and total haematalogical parameters were estimated.Results: In the cypermethrin control there was significant reduction in the WBC, Platelet, MCHC and considerable reduction in the haemoglobulin concentration in comparison to normal control. The test drug administered at both dose levels was significantly reversed the cypermethrin induced changes in haematalogical parameters.Conclusions: Authors can conclude that the Amomum subulatum has potency to reverse the cypermethrin induced haematalogical changes.

scholarly journals Acute and chronic toxicity evaluation of methanol leaf extract of Psidium guajava (Myrtaceae)

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 120-128
Author(s):  
Joy Ogugua Igwe ◽  
Harrison Odera Abone ◽  
Moses Chukwuemeka Ezea ◽  
Chika Peter Ejikeugwu ◽  
Charles Okechukwu Esimone
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Chronic Toxicity ◽  
Psidium Guajava ◽  
Term Treatment ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Medicinal Value ◽  
Long Term Treatment ◽  
Hematological And Biochemical Parameters

The medicinal value of herbal plants have been widely described in a number of studies, this has resulted in their increased usage. This study aimed to evaluate the safety of methanolic leaf extract of Psidium guajava extract in albino rats using biochemical, hematological and histological parameters. In acute toxicity, the extract was administered orally up to 5,000 mg/kg body weight once to male albino mice. While in chronic toxicity, twenty four adult male albino rats were randomly divided into four groups of six rats for each group. The control group received 10 ml/kg body weight distilled water daily. The other groups received 50, 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight of extract daily for 90 days. All the rats were observed daily for signs of toxicity and mortality. At the end of the treatment period, biochemical and hematological tests were carried out on prepared sera. Histology of vital organs was evaluated. Acute toxicology showed the LD50 of the extract to be less than 5000 mg/kg. Chronic toxicological study revealed that at 200 mg/kg, there was no significant (P > 0.05) differences in hematological and biochemical parameters, and there was no alterations in the histology of the organs. However, at 400 mg/kg body weight, the concentrations of the liver biomarkers were increased, with distorted liver. Since no alterations was observed at 200 mg/kg, the extract may be considered to be relatively safe at this dose and could be used for long term treatment of infections.

scholarly journals Neurohistological Study of the Interactive Influence of Ethanolic Leaf Extracts of Sida acuta and Rauvolfia vomitoria on the Hippocampus of Albino Rats

2020 ◽  
pp. 31-36
Author(s):  
Kingsley A. Okon ◽  
Enobong I. Bassey ◽  
Iboro E. Edet ◽  
Grace U. Samuel
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Neuroprotective Effect ◽  
Pyramidal Cells ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Leaf Extracts ◽  
Sida Acuta ◽  
Group 5 ◽  
Rauvolfia Vomitoria

Aim: To provide information on the interactive influence of Sida acuta and Rauvolfia vomitoria on the hippocampus of albino rats using neurohistological parameter. Methods: Thirty-five (35) female adult albino rats were used for the experiment. They were randomly divided into seven groups of five animals in each group. Group 1: The control group was given feed and water ad libitum for 28 days. Groups 2-7 served as the experimental groups. Group 2: Received 200 mg/kg body weight of Sida acuta leaf extract for 14 days. Group 3: Received 212.5 mg/kg body weight of Rauvolfia vomitoria leaf extract for 14 days. Group 4: Received 200 mg/kg body weight of Sida acuta and 212.5 mg/kg body weight of Rauvolfia vomitoria leaf extract for 14 days. Group 5: Received 200 mg/kg body weight of Sida acuta leaf extract for 14 days, then              212.5 mg/kg body weight of Rauvolfia vomitoria for the remaining 14 days. Group 6: Received             400 mg/kg body weight of Sida acuta leaf extract for 14 days, then 425 mg/kg body weight of Rauvolfia vomitoria for the remaining 14 days. Group 7: Received 600 mg/kg body weight of Sida acuta leaf extract for 14 days, then 850 mg/kg body weight of Rauvolfia vomitoria for the remaining 14 days. Results: Sida acuta at the tested dose of 200 mg/kg body weight induced degeneration of pyramidal cells when compared to the control, Rauvolfia vomitoria at the tested dose of 212.5 kg/mg body weight exhibited neuroprotective effect, co-administration of both Sida acuta at 200 mg/kg body weight and Rauvolfia vomitoria at 212.5 mg/kg body weight and administration of Rauvolfia vomitoria after Sida acuta at increasing doses significantly reverse these changes to near normal when compared to the group that received 200 mg/kg body weight of Sida acuta for 14 days. Conclusion: Rauvolfia vomitoria had the potential of ameliorating the neurodegenerative effect caused by the Sida acuta leaf extract on the pyramidal cells of the hippocampus albino rats.

scholarly journals Effects of Methanolic Leaf Extracts of Daniella oliveri on Biochemical and Haematological Parameters of Albino Mice Infected with Plasmodium berghei NK 65

2021 ◽  
pp. 22-32
Author(s):  
Muhammed Muazu ◽  
Karderam Bukar Dikwa ◽  
Deborah Madi Dibal ◽  
Muhammed Danjuma ◽  
Gideon Obaje Sunday ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Normal Control ◽  
Plasmodium Berghei ◽  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Hematological Parameters ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Haematological Parameters ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Leaf Extracts ◽  
Albino Mice

The rapid emergence and spread of Plasmodium falciparum resistance to Artemisinin derivatives and all the conventional antimalarial drugs necessitates the importance of ethnobotany, resulting in need to study the antiplasmodial potentials and the resultant effects of the methanolic leaf extract of Daniella oliveri (D.oliveri) on the biochemical and haematological parameters of the infected and treated albino mice. A total of 30 mice were randomized to six groups; 1 (positive control), 2 (negative control), 3 (normal control), 4, 5 and 6 (treatment groups) of five mice per group, body weights of mice were measured before and after infection and treatments, the mice were Infected intravenously with 0.2 ml of 1x107 standard inoculum of chloroquine sensitive Plasmodium berghei infected erythrocytes on the first day (day 0), treatment commence 72 hours later (day 3), continued for 5 days to terminate on day 7. On day 8, the Swiss Albino mice used for antiplasmodial activity were subjected to euthanasia under chloroform, aseptically dissected and blood was collected through cardiac puncture in lithium heparin bottle for biochemical assays and in an ethylene diamine tetra- acetic acid (EDTA) bottles for haematological assays.All mice in the treatment group showed decrease in body weight except for normal control group that showed increase in body weight. Methanolic leaf extract of D.oliveri contains some secondary metabolites that are hepato-protective in nature with no significant effects on the biochemical and hematological parameters of the malaria infected and treated albino mice.

scholarly journals Effects of Allium siculum in ethylene glycol induced kidney stone in male albino rats

2021 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarbast A. Mahmud ◽  
◽  
Aveen R. Khdhr ◽  
Abdulsamih M. Taha, Hero A. Qadir, Payam M. Abdulla ◽  
Kurdo B. Chato ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Uric Acid ◽  
Ethylene Glycol ◽  
Serum Uric Acid ◽  
Kidney Stone ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Standard Diet ◽  
Group B

This study attempts to find out the curative effects of Allium siculum (A. siculum) on ethylene glycol (EG) induced kidney stone in male albino rats. Throughout this study, twenty-two male albino rats were taken and divided into four experimental groups. Group A is a control group, while the rest of the groups, namely group B, C, and D animals, received 1% EG in water for 14 days, then from day 15 to day 28, the treatment of EG stopped and group C and D animals from day 15 to day 28 received A. siculum (5g of dried powder in 100 ml water and 950 g standard diet) and cystone (2.5 tablets in water and standard diet) respectively. Serum uric acid, creatinine, urea, lipid profile measurements, and glucose were evaluated besides the kidneys' weight and body weight gain. Allium siculum and cystone treatments indicated a significant reduction in serum uric acid, creatinine, urea, glucose, very low-density lipoprotein, and triglyceride compared to EG-treated rats. The kidneys' weight and body weight gains significantly increased in group B compared with A, C, and D. In conclusion: A. siculum has curative effects on ethylene glycol induced kidney stone which resembled the cystone drug.

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