Drivers of Pigeon Pea Consumption Among School-Aged Children in Central Tanzania

Background: Protein energy malnutrition (PEM) and iron deficiencies (ID) are of major public health concern in Tanzania including among school-aged children. PEM and ID in early childhood have serious, long-term consequences because they impede motor, sensory, social and emotional development, growth retardation, poor cognitive development, learning disability of children, lowered resistance to infectious diseases, and reduced physical work capacity. The objective of this study was to elucidate the drivers of pigeon pea consumption among school-aged children in Dodoma district, Central Tanzania. Understanding these drivers would be useful in promoting pigeon pea consumption among school-aged children as one of the strategies to increase dietary protein and iron intake.Methods: This study was a cross-sectional study in which data were collected using a questionnaire based on a combination of the Theory of Planned Behavior and Health Belief Model. The data were collected from caregivers (n = 138) in four villages in Kongwa district, Dodoma region, Central Tanzania. We used correlations and multiple regressions to assess associations between constructs and identify predictive constructs. Mann–Whitney U tests were used for score comparisons with a significant p-value set at <0.10.Results: Health value was significantly correlated with health behavior identity (rs = 0.63, p < 0.001) and also significantly predicted health behavior identity (rs = 0.49, p = 0.001). The constructs cues to action and control belief were significantly associated with intention (β = −0.41, p = 0.059 and β = 0.06, p = 0.019 respectively). Finally, we observed that intention was a significant predictor of behavior (β = 1.38, p = 0.001). We also observed a significant negative interaction between perceived barriers and intention to consume pigeon pea (β = −0.04, p = 0.006), indicating that perceived barriers limit intention to consume pigeon pea.Conclusion and Implication: Our findings indicate that when the caregiver places increased importance on preventing her school-aged child from being iron or protein deficient or indeed anemic (health value), it results in a positive evaluation of the effectiveness of giving pigeon pea to address these nutrient deficiencies. Programs and efforts aimed at promoting pigeon pea consumption should focus on educating caregivers on iron and protein deficiency and the role that pigeon pea could play in addressing these. However, perceived barriers such as pest infestation during storage need to be addressed to increase pigeon pea consumption. The involvement of post-harvest management specialists is therefore crucial. Along with this, increasing productivity and crop management is also crucial to ensure year-round affordable supply of pigeon pea.

Analysis on the Influencing Factors of Acceptance Willingness of Advertisement in WeChat Moments based on Theory of Planned Behavior

In the era of the Internet, advertisements in WeChat moments hold been pouring in and favored by businesses. But as the number of advertisements in WeChat moments increases, the quality is uneven. Users have different attitudes towards it, and some users even loathe it. How to meet the needs of users, accurately capture the interests of users and improve the acceptance of users is still an urgent problem to be discussed. Based on the theoretical framework of planned behavior and questionnaire survey, this paper explores the influencing factors of acceptance willingness of advertisement in the information flow of WeChat moments. Research shows that control belief has the most significant impact on users’ acceptance willingness. Different age and income levels also have impacts on users’ acceptance willingness. Young and middle-aged users and middle-income groups have a higher degree of acceptance of WeChat advertisement. Therefore, opinion leaders can be used to positively guide users to accept the subjective norms of advertisements in WeChat moments. In terms of the content and form of advertisement, researchers can enrich the content of advertisement and simplify the participation steps to improve users’ belief in control. In addition, developers can use big data to identify target users and implement precise delivery. Moreover, they can capture users’ behavioral willingness to enhance users’ acceptance of advertisements in WeChat moments.

Predictors of Puberty Health Behaviors Based on Integrated Behavioral Model Among Girl’s High School Students in Birjand in 2020

Background: From the beginning of puberty, girls are exposed to many physical-psychological problems that experience for the first time, so it is very important to pay attention to puberty health. Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine the predictors of puberty health behaviors based on application of the Integrated Behavioral Model (IBM) among girls’ high school students. Methods: This descriptive-analytical study was performed on 265 first grade girls’ high school students in Birjand in 2020 using multi-stags sampling. Data collection tools were a researcher-made questionnaire including demographic information and questions related to IBM constructs that were completed self-administered. Data were analyzed by SPSS 19 software using Pearson correlation coefficient and linear regression analysis. Results: Pearson correlation showed that all IBM constructs except experiential attitude and control belief had a significant correlation with puberty health behaviors (P < 0.04). In total, about 54% of the behavior variance was explained by three variables of intention, self-efficacy, and mother's job, among which intention was the strongest predictor of puberty health behaviors (P = 0.001). Conclusions: The results of the present study indicate the high predictive power of IBM for investigating puberty health behaviors. Therefore, using this model to design educational interventions and improve behaviors in the field of maturity is recommended.

“It’s just a great muddle when it comes to food”: a qualitative exploration of patient decision making around diet and gout

Objective To understand whether, why and how patients choose to modify their diets after developing gout. Methods An inductive thematic secondary analysis of qualitative data from 43 interviews and 4 focus groups with UK participants with gout (n = 61). Results Participants commonly initiated dietary changes as part of a self-management strategy for gout. Reasons for making such dietary changes included: desperation; a desire for control; belief that it would be possible to achieve successful management through diet al.one; but not weight loss. Participants who did not make changes, or reverted to previous dietary patterns, did so because: they believed urate-lowering therapy was successfully managing their gout; medication allowed ‘normal’ eating’; they did not find ‘proof’ that diet would be an effective treatment; the dietary advice they found was unrealistic, unmanageable or irrelevant. Dietary modification was patient-led but patients would have preferred the support of a healthcare professional. Beliefs that diet could potentially explain and modify the timing of flares gave patients a sense of control over the condition. However, the belief that gout could be controlled through dietary modification appeared to be a barrier to acceptance of management with urate-lowering therapy (ULT). Conclusions Perceptions about gout and diet play a large role in the way patients make decisions about how to manage gout in their everyday lives. Addressing reasons why patients explore dietary ‘solutions’, promoting the value of ULT and weight loss, and drawing on strong evidence to communicate clearly, will be crucial in improving long-term clinical management and patient experience.

Problematic Facebook use behavior and locus of control in physiotherapy students

Background Problematic Facebook use is a broader umbrella for term addictive-like symptoms, and scarce self-regulation related to Facebook use reflecting social and personal problems, and many studies have suggested that it is associated with many psychosocial problems. Locus of control (LOC) is described as a personality trait developed through social learning theory. Recently, LOC has got attention from both the patient’s and clinician’s perspectives. In addition, higher external LOC is associated with problematic Internet use. The aim was to investigate whether problematic Facebook use is associated with LOC. Four hundred twenty-one university students were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. Problematic Facebook use was determined by the Bergen Facebook Addiction Scale, and the participants were divided into two groups as neutral users and problematic users. Locus of control was assessed using the Locus of Control Scale, including subscales of personal control, belief in chance, the meaninglessness of the effortfulness, belief in fate, and belief in an unjust world. Results In total, 333 students were eligible for the study. There were 66 students with neutral Facebook use (19.8%), and the remaining (n=267) had problematic Facebook use (80.2%). No significant difference was observed in the demographic characteristic of neutral and problematic Facebook users (p>0.05). Problematic Facebook users had significantly higher scores on the meaninglessness of the effortfulness (p<0.001), belief in fate (p=0.019), and belief in an unjust world (p=0.004) compared to the neutral Facebook users. Conclusions The results showed that the physiotherapy students having a problematic Facebook had significantly higher scores on the meaninglessness of the effortfulness, belief in fate, and belief in an unjust world compared to neutral Facebook users. All these negative thoughts might be a problem both for students themselves and their future patients.

Control Beliefs among People with Dementia: A Systematic Review

<b><i>Introduction:</i></b> Dementia diseases are still incurable, and in order to assist in living well with the disease, researchers are increasing their attention to the value of control beliefs. Control beliefs are associated with coping and psychological well-being; however, knowledge on how they relate to well-being outcomes in people with dementia is limited. This review aimed to synthesize knowledge about control beliefs in this group to guide future interventions and research. <b><i>Method:</i></b> A systematic search of 6 databases (MEDLINE, CINAHL, PsychINFO, AgeLine, Embase, and the Cochrane Library) with broad search terms related to dementia, control, and coping was conducted. Studies that investigated people with a confirmed dementia diagnosis and that used a questionnaire to measure control beliefs quantitatively were included. <b><i>Results:</i></b> Eighteen studies were identified, examining self-efficacy, personal control/mastery, or locus of control. The studies varied in aim and design, with fair to good methodological quality. However, 10 studies included &#x3c;50 participants with dementia, leaving findings unreliable due to low power. Participants with dementia in the mild to moderate stages were included, with average age in the seventies. Except for one validation study, the control belief questionnaires had not been validated for people with dementia. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> There is a lack of knowledge about control beliefs among people with dementia, due to few and low-powered studies. Although we cannot conclude regarding control beliefs, our findings support the feasibility of quantitative research on control beliefs among people with dementia and we recommend that they be included in this type of research.

Farmers' willingness to participate in Forest Management for Carbon Sequestration on the Sloping Land Conservation Program in China

Forest Management for Carbon Sequestration (FMCS) on the Sloping Land Conservation Program (SLCP) helps to promote afforestation, improve the economic wellbeing of small farmers, and helps them to cope with climate change. Based on the theory of planned behavior (TPB), this paper examines farmers' willingness to participate from five dimensions: evaluation of result, result belief, normative belief, motivation to comply, and control belief. Results show that 1) farmers' willingness to participate in FMCS on the SLCP land is not high; 2) evaluation of result, result belief, normative belief, and motivation to comply all significantly affect farmers' participation willingness; and 3) the participation willingness of farmers varies between different genders and ages. This study provides a decision-making basis for the implementation of FMCS in China. Results also have implications for the adoption of FMCS programs in other developing countries.

StressLevel_5.16.2021

The current study aims to probe the effect of cognitive abilities on the control of beliefs in midlife. Participants in this study (n=112) were interviewed and completed cognitive functioning tests at two-time waves (T1 and T2) with a 10-year time interval. Participants completed self-reported daily stressors for 12 successive weeks in the second-time wave. In this study, we examined if the cognitive decline was linked to general and domain-specific control beliefs. For this purpose, we measure and analyze longitudinal changes in cognitive abilities relates to control beliefs. We predicted that the association between cognitive decline and control belief would be increased by self-reported stress. We also utilized the expectation-maximization method to estimate missing data and applied multilevel modeling (MLM) to analyze statistical effects. Self-reported daily stressors were associated with significantly less control at work, finance, and health, and participants with more significant cognitive decline reported less external control belief. More cognitive decline was associated with a more significant decrease in averaged control belief over ten years when individuals reported more daily stressors. The current findings can inform interventions aimed to identify factors, such as daily stress, that contribute to daily abilities in the context of cognitive decline.

Social Controls and Bonds of Public Information Consumer on Sustainable Utilization and Provision for Computing

In public areas, employees are both consumers and producers in information. For sustainable usage of information, employees should be aware of information systems security (ISS). Information systems security (ISS) is critical in further developing public sector information systems, such as e-government. Most ISS breaches are committed by insiders rather than outsiders. This study investigates the applicability of adult social bond theory, which proposes social controls in the form of social bonds that provide deterrence based on the potential shame an employee would feel from committing an ISS breach. The proposed research model consists of four antecedents for adult social bonds: commitment, attachment, belief and job stability. Individual ISS compliance is set as the dependent variance and deterrence and shame are set as the mediators between social bonds and compliance. Analysis of 672 data points largely supports the research model, proving the applicability to ISS of social bonds and social control. Belief seems to have the strongest effect on individual compliance. Implications are discussed and further studies are proposed.