Toxicity Evaluation of Arsenic Nanoparticles on Growth, Biochemical, Hematological, and Physiological Parameters of Labeo rohita Juveniles

The present study aims to assess the induced nanotoxicity of arsenic nanoparticles (AsNPs) on different organs of fresh water fish Labeo rohita. AsNPs were synthesized by chemical reduction method using sodium arsenite as precursor, ice-cold sodium borohydride as reducing agent, and sodium hydroxide to adjust the solution pH. The synthesized AsNPs were characterized by UV-Vis spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) for optical, structural, and morphological investigations. The UV-Vis absorption peaks occurring at around 300 nm indicated the presence of AsNPs in colloidal sample. The rhombohedral crystalline nature and metallic purity of AsNPs with crystallite size of 30 ± 1 nm were confirmed by characteristic peaks of XRD pattern. The SEM micrograph revealed the almost spherical shape and 40 ± 10 nm average size prepared AsNPs. For assessment of induced nanotoxicity, juveniles of Labeo rohita (L. rohita) were exposed to three different concentrations of AsNPs (namely, 1, 10, and 20 mg/L) for 30 days (n = 15 per group), and the control fish was kept untreated. It was observed that the routine behavior activities (such as swimming, mutual interactions, and feed intake) were affected by AsNPs. The growth of AsNPs treated fish was found retarded as compared to the control fish. Total erythrocyte count, total leukocyte count, and hemoglobin and hematocrit values were low in the AsNPs treated fish. Immunobiochemical assays revealed that protein level was altered in the AsNPs treated fish. The levels of antioxidant enzymes catalase and superoxide dismutase were low in the treated fish. The histological alteration induced by AsNPs in liver, gills, and kidneys demonstrated the damage in form of glomerulus shrinkage, vacuolation, inflammation, necrosis, lamellar disorganization, and hemorrhage in comparison with untreated fish. The results of the present study indicate that AsNPs exposure causes behavior, growth, hematology, immunobiochemical, and histological shortcomings in L. rohita.

Antibiotic Resistance Profiling of Salmonella sp. isolated from African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus)

The African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) is an important fresh water fish consumed by a large percentage of the populace globally and it may be contaminated by pathogenic bacteria such as Salmonella sp. In this study, a total of fifteen (15) samples of African catfish were collected from different markets in Lokoja, Nigeria. The Salmonella sp. were isolated from the catfish samples by pre-enrichment in peptone water and subsequent inoculation on selective medium namely brilliant-green agar (BGA), bismuth sulphite agar (BSA) and Salmonella-Shigella agar (SSA). The Salmonella isolates were tested for susceptibility to 10 different commercially available antibiotics using the disc diffusion method. A total of thirty-four Salmonella species was isolated. The percentage occurrence of Salmonella sp. in the catfishes examined was very high (80%). The incidence of Salmonella sp. in the intestine (86.7%) of the catfish was higher than for the gills (66.7%) and the skin (73.3%). Majority of the isolates were resistant to Amoxicillin, Sulfomethoxazole-trimethoprim, Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid and Streptomycin. This study therefore demonstrated the occurrence of Salmonella species in African catfish with some exhibiting antibiotic resistance. Thus, there is a potential risk of transmission of drug resistant Salmonella species to man when contaminated catfish is consumed. The use of antibiotics in fish farming should be regulated so as to decrease antibiotic residues in fish.

Ecologicala Spectsin Relation to Digenean Trematodeparasites in Fresh Water Fish Channa Striatus (BLOCH)

Fishes are found adequately in the different water sources of Jaunpur India. Five rivers (Gomti, Sai,Varuna,Pili and Basuhi) ,Gujar tal and different pond are available here as a aquatic habitat. In research work author consider only two sites of river Gomti and two different ponds in district Jaunpur, U.P. They are external as well as internal .In this studyauthor focused on digenetic trematodes parasites. Digenean trematodes are completing their life cycle in two hosts so both are susceptible to the infection. There are considerable change occur in the environment wih the passage of time. We also know that environmental factors affect the life forms of any place. So it is important to study the different ecological terms in relation to the host and their infectious agents. From ancient time humans beings use large amount of fish food for survival because they are easily available from different water sources. When human beings eat unadequate cooked fish then suffered with food borne tremadiases.So it is important to know the infection level in the fishes.

Effect of CO2 exposure on the antioxidant enzymes activity and gill histology of adult zebrafish (Danio rerio)

Increase in carbon dioxide level is considered as a threat to all living organisms and in particular aquatic organisms are vulnerable. Although a number of studies were carried out to predict the effect of increased CO2 with marine organisms, fresh water fish were the least concerned ones. Therefore, the aim of this study was to study the effect of antioxidant enzymes in zebrafish exposed to acute concentration of CO2 (based on prediction for 2300). Three ranges of pH were selected below the range where no fatality was observed, 6.0 – 6.5, 5.5 – 6.0 and 5.0 – 5.5. Antioxidant enzyme analysis of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), lipid peroxidation (LP), glutathione reductase (GR) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) was performed for the tissues, liver, gills and muscles. Although a significant decrease in SOD activity was observed in all three tissues, only a slight variation in CAT activity was found in all the tissues. MDA content which is an indicator of lipid peroxidation showed an increasing pattern in all the tissues. A slight increase in GR activity was found in all the tissues; however, a significant decrease in GPx activity was noted. Further, the histology of gills exposed to CO2 showed marked damage and injury including lamellar fusion and necrosis. Our study concludes that exposure to CO2 has led to oxidative stress which has resulted in cellular injury and damage

Ethnobotanical Survey of Flora and Fauna Species in Kainji Lake National Park New-Bussa Local Government Area, Niger State, Nigeria

This study was carried out to identify the Ethnobotanical uses of flora and fauna species in Kainji Lake National Park New-Bussa Local Government Area, Niger State, Nigeria. The study objectives were to document knowledge and generate data on identification and uses of Plant species and animal species in Borgu and Zugurma sector of the park. Ethnobotanical surveys based on interviews from the park ranges, plant taxonomist and zoologist staff of the park and Botanical survey was carried out based on sample plots. A stratified random sampling was used to select sample sites within the two sector of the Park, based on flora and fauna sub-classification. A total Ten (10) plots of 100m x 100m strips were demarcated within the two sectors. In each plot a total of four (4) 20m x 20m sub-plots were randomly selected for identification of Flora and Fauna resources in both the two sector of the park. Results from Flora resources shows a total of 45 plants species belonging to 21 families were selected.in both the two sector. Family- Leguminosae and Combretaceace were the dominant family in terms of number of species represented. The species are multipurpose and are exploited to satisfy different subsistence needs. Bark and Leaf are the most commonly used Flora parts for medicinal in KLNP. Results from Fauna resources shows that Family-Bovidea and Felidae are the most dominate in the Mammal species, Family-Pythonidea is dominate in Reptile species, Birth has different family and species. Alestidae and Cyprinidae are the dominates in fish found in KLNP while Family-Mochokidae and Bagridae are the most dominates in the fresh-water fish species in Kainji Lake (Northern Nigeria).