Open Healing: A Minimally Invasive Protocol with Flapless Ridge Preservation in Implant Patients

We aimed to validate the safety and efficacy of the minimally invasive “open healing” flapless technique for post-extraction socket and alveolar ridge preservation, while assessing the alveolar bone changes. The study enrolled (n = 104) patients (0.55 sex ratio), with atraumatic extraction of (N = 135) hopeless teeth, followed by either immediate placement of tissue level implants (N1 = 26), or later stage implant insertion (N2 = 109). No flap was raised in either situation. Post-extraction sockets were filled with deproteinized bovine bone granules and covered by collagen resorbable membrane—left purposely exposed during healing. This yielded an uneventful healing, with sufficient bone formation, while avoiding soft-tissue problems. The need for additional augmentation was assessed clinically and by calibrated CBCT scans at six months, before either loading (N1) or implant insertion (N2). Implant success and survival rate were evaluated at 12-, 24-, and 60-month follow-up control sessions. The inserted implants had a survival rate of 98.5% and a success rate of 94.8% at five-year follow-up. Open healing technique with flapless approach can be favorable for preserving the 3D architecture of the post-extraction socket, as well as the alveolar ridge width and height.

Synthesis of Spinel-Hydroxyapatite Composite Utilizing Bovine Bone and Beverage Can

Spinel-based hydroxyapatite composite (SHC) has been synthesized utilizing bovine bones as the source of the hydroxyapatite (HAp) and beverage cans as the aluminum (Al) source. The bovine bones were defatted and calcined in the air atmosphere to transform them into hydroxyapatite. The beverage cans were cut and milled to obtain fine Al powder and then sieved to obtain three different particle mesh size fractions: +100#, −140# + 170#, and −170#, or Al particle size of >150, 90–150, and <90 µm, respectively. The SHC was synthesized using the self-propagating intermediate-temperature synthesis (SIS) method at 900 °C for 2 h with (HAp:Al:Mg) ratio of (87:10:3 wt.%) and various compaction pressure of 100, 171, and 200 MPa. It was found that the mechanical properties of the SHC are influenced by the Al particle size and the compaction pressure. Smaller particle size produces the tendency of increasing the hardness and reducing the porosity of the composite. Meanwhile, increasing compaction pressure produces a reduction of the SHC porosity. The increase in the hardness is also observed by increasing the compaction pressure except for the smallest Al particle size (<90 µm), where the hardness instead becomes smaller.

A Novel Gelatinase from Marine Flocculibacter collagenilyticus SM1988: Characterization and Potential Application in Collagen Oligopeptide-Rich Hydrolysate Preparation

Although the S8 family in the MEROPS database contains many peptidases, only a few S8 peptidases have been applied in the preparation of bioactive oligopeptides. Bovine bone collagen is a good source for preparing collagen oligopeptides, but has been so far rarely applied in collagen peptide preparation. Here, we characterized a novel S8 gelatinase, Aa2_1884, from marine bacterium Flocculibacter collagenilyticus SM1988T, and evaluated its potential application in the preparation of collagen oligopeptides from bovine bone collagen. Aa2_1884 is a multimodular S8 peptidase with a distinct domain architecture from other reported peptidases. The recombinant Aa2_1884 over-expressed in Escherichia coli showed high activity toward gelatin and denatured collagens, but no activity toward natural collagens, indicating that Aa2_1884 is a gelatinase. To evaluate the potential of Aa2_1884 in the preparation of collagen oligopeptides from bovine bone collagen, three enzymatic hydrolysis parameters, hydrolysis temperature, hydrolysis time and enzyme-substrate ratio (E/S), were optimized by single factor experiments, and the optimal hydrolysis conditions were determined to be reaction at 60 ℃ for 3 h with an E/S of 400 U/g. Under these conditions, the hydrolysis efficiency of bovine bone collagen by Aa2_1884 reached 95.3%. The resultant hydrolysate contained 97.8% peptides, in which peptides with a molecular weight lower than 1000 Da and 500 Da accounted for 55.1% and 39.5%, respectively, indicating that the hydrolysate was rich in oligopeptides. These results indicate that Aa2_1884 likely has a promising potential application in the preparation of collagen oligopeptide-rich hydrolysate from bovine bone collagen, which may provide a feasible way for the high-value utilization of bovine bone collagen.

Nanostructured Zn-Substituted Monetite Based Material Induces Higher Bone Regeneration Than Anorganic Bovine Bone and β-Tricalcium Phosphate in Vertical Augmentation Model in Rabbit Calvaria

The capacity of a nanostructured multicomponent material composed of Zn-substituted monetite, amorphous calcium phosphate, hydroxyapatite and silica gel (MSi) to promote vertical bone augmentation was compared with anorganic bovine bone (ABB) and synthetic β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP). The relation between biological behavior and physicochemical properties of the materials was also studied. The in vivo study was conducted in a vertical bone augmentation model in rabbit calvaria for 10 weeks. Significant differences in the biological behavior of the materials were observed. MSi showed significantly higher bone regeneration (39%) than ABB and β-TCP (24%). The filled cylinder volume was similar in MSi (92%) and ABB (91%) and significantly lower in β-TCP (81%) implants. In addition, β-TCP showed the highest amount of non-osteointegrated particles (17%). MSi was superior to the control materials because it maintains the volume of the defect almost full, with the highest bone formation, the lowest number of remaining particles, which are almost fully osteointegrated and having the lowest amount of connective tissue. Besides, the bone formed was mature, with broad trabeculae, high vascularization and osteogenic activity. MSi resorbs gradually over time with an evident increment of the porosity and simultaneous colonization for vascularized new bone. In addition, the osteoinductive behavior of MSi material was evidenced.

Horizontal Augmentation of Chronic Mandibular Defects by the Guided Bone Regeneration Approach: A Randomized Study in Dogs

Various biomaterial combinations have been studied focusing on their ability to stabilize blood clots and maintain space under soft tissue to support new bone formation. A popular combination is Deproteinized Bovine Bone Mineral (DBBM) placed with a native collagen membrane (NCM) tacked to native bone. In this study, we compared the outcome of this treatment option to those achieved with three different graft/membrane combinations with respect to total newly occupied area and the mineralized compound inside. After bi-lateral extraction of two mandibular premolars in five adult beagles L-shaped alveolar defects were created. A total of 20 defects healed for 6 weeks resulting in chronic type bone defects. At baseline, four options were randomly allocated to five defects each: a. DBBM + NCM with a four-pin fixation across the ridge; b. DBBM + RCLC (ribose cross-linked collagen membrane); c. DBBM + NPPM (native porcine pericardium membrane); and d. Ca-sulfate (CS) + RCLC membrane. Membranes in b/c/d were not fixed; complete tensionless wound closure was achieved by CAF. Termination after 3 months and sampling followed, and non-decalcified processing and toluidine blue staining were applied. Microscopic images obtained at standardized magnification were histomorphometrically assessed by ImageJ software (NIH). An ANOVA post hoc test was applied; histomorphometric data are presented in this paper as medians and interquartile ranges (IRs). All sites healed uneventfully, all sites were sampled and block separation followed before Technovit embedding. Two central sections per block for each group were included. Two of five specimen were lost due to processing error and were excluded from group b. New bone area was significantly greater for option b. compared to a. (p = 0.001), c. (p = 0.002), and d. (p = 0.046). Residual non-bone graft area was significantly less for option d. compared to a. (p = 0.026) or c. (p = 0.021). We conclude that collagen membranes with a prolonged resorption/barrier profile combined with bone substitutes featuring different degradation profiles sufficiently support new bone formation. Tacking strategy/membrane fixation appears redundant when using these biomaterials.

Sinus Mucosa Thinning and Perforations after Sinus Lifting Performed with Different Xenografts: A Histological Analysis in Rabbits

Background: Experimental studies have shown a progressive thinning and perforations of the sinus mucosa associated with sharpened edges and the cutting projections of graft particles used simultaneously for maxillary sinus augmentation. Hence, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the damaging effects of two different bovine grafts on the sinus mucosa after sinus augmentation. Methods: Twenty New Zealand rabbits received a bilateral sinus lifting using, as fillers, two different types of deproteinized bovine bone in granules, one processed at low temperature (low-T group), and the other at high temperature (high-T group). Thinned mucosa sites (<40 µm) and perforations were evaluated in the sinus mucosa that were in contact with graft granules after 2 and 10 weeks, in ten animals per period. Results: After 2 weeks of healing, the number of thinned mucosa sites was 118 in the low-T group, and 149 in the high-T group (p = 0.191). At the 10-week assessment, the thinned sites increased to 237 and 195 sites, respectively. The numbers of sinus mucosa perforations after 2 weeks were eight and three in the low-T and high-T group, respectively. At the 10-week evaluation, the perforations increased to 19 in the low-T group, and to 14 in the high-T group. Conclusions: The contact with bovine xenografts yielded thinning and perforations of the sinus mucosa. Despite the differences in characteristics and dimensions, no differences were found between the two xenografts in the numbers of thinning mucosa sites and perforations. However, a trend of more events was found in the low-T compared to the high-T group.

Three-Dimensional Porous Scaffolds Derived from Bovine Cancellous Bone Matrix Promote Osteoinduction, Osteoconduction, and Osteogenesis

The use of three-dimensional porous scaffolds derived from decellularized extracellular matrix (ECM) is increasing for functional repair and regeneration of injured bone tissue. Because these scaffolds retain their native structures and bioactive molecules, in addition to showing low immunogenicity and good biodegradability, they can promote tissue repair and regeneration. Nonetheless, imitating these features in synthetic materials represents a challenging task. Furthermore, due to the complexity of bone tissue, different processes are necessary to maintain these characteristics. We present a novel approach using decellularized ECM material derived from bovine cancellous bone by demineralization, decellularization, and hydrolysis of collagen to obtain a three-dimensional porous scaffold. This study demonstrates that the three-dimensional porous scaffold obtained from bovine bone retained its osteoconductive and osteoinductive properties and presented osteogenic potential when seeded with human Wharton’s jelly mesenchymal stromal cells (hWJ-MSCs). Based on its characteristics, the scaffold described in this work potentially represents a therapeutic strategy for bone repair.

Inspiracje sztuką i kulturą Podhala w powojennej galanterii i biżuterii polskiej

Abstrakt: Zainteresowanie sztuką ludową Podhala wśród polskich artystów i badaczy sięga lat osiemdziesiątych XIX wieku. Wynikało ono z dostrzeżenia artystycznej wartości tworzonych tam dzieł oraz poszukiwań tzw. sztuki narodowej i rodzimej, tak bardzo ważnych dla polskiej kultury i tożsamości. Inspiracje kulturą materialną i artystyczną Podhala przyczyniły się m.in. do wielkiego sukcesu polskiej ekspozycji na Wystawie Sztuki Dekoracyjnej w Paryżu w 1925 roku. Zainteresowanie to nie zmniejszyło się po 1945 r., ale przybrało inne formy. W tym czasie powstawały w Polsce liczne spółdzielnie, których zadaniem było tworzenie przedmiotów codziennego użytku i dzieł sztuki ludowej, zgodnie z lokalną tradycją rękodzielniczą, ikonograficzną, zdobniczą itp. Pewną część produkcji stanowiła tzw. metaloplastyka – sprzączki do pasków, spinki do koszul, zatrzaski do torebek, noże, okucia fajek i in., których forma była inspiracją dla artystów tworzących dzieła biżuterii – bransoletki, broszki, wisiory itp. Asortyment ten uzupełniony został także o inne elementy – wykonywane z blachy, kości bydlęcej, galalitu i drewna broszki, wisiorki i breloki, które były przede wszystkim pamiątkami przywożonymi z tego bardzo popularnego regionu turystycznego. Summary: The interest in the folk art of the Podhale region among Polish artists and researchers dates back to the 1880s. It resulted from the perception of the artistic value of the works created here, as well as the search for the so-called national and native art, very important for Polish culture and national identity. Inspiration with the material culture of Podhale came from, among others a great effect in the form of the success of Polish art at the Exhibition of Decorative Art in Paris in 1925. This interest did not diminish after 1945, but took other forms. At that time, numerous cooperatives were established in Poland, whose task was to create everyday objects and works of folk art, in line with the local tradition in terms of technology, iconography, ornaments, etc. In Podhale, among many produced works, a certain part was the so-called metalwork – belt buckles, shirt clips, purse fasteners, knives, etc., the shape of which was an inspiration for artists creating bracelets, brooches, pendants, etc. This assortment was supplemented with other items – made of sheet metal, bovine bone, galalite and wood, brooches, pendants, and key rings, which were primarily souvenirs brought from this very popular tourist region.

A review on bovine hydroxyapatite; extraction and characterization

High rate of bone grafting surgeries emphasizes the need for optimal bone substitutes. Biomaterials mimicking the interconnected porous structure of the original bone with osteoconductive and osteoinductive capabilities have long been considered. Hydroxyapatite (HA), as the main inorganic part of natural bone, has exhibited excellent regenerative properties in bone tissue engineering. This manuscript reviews the HA extraction methods from bovine bone, as one of the principal biosources. Essential points in the extraction process have also been highlighted. Characterization of the produced HA through gold standard methods such as XRD, FTIR, electron microscopies (SEM and TEM), mechanical/thermodynamic tests, and bioactivity analysis has been explained in detail. Finally, future perspectives for development of HA constructs are mentioned.

Vertical Ridge Augmentation of Edentulous Posterior Inferior Jaw Using Lumina Bone Porous Large®: A Clinical Case Report

The use of guided bone regeneration (GBR) has been gaining more and more ground in the field of implant dentistry, due to higher confidence in the materials available. As this is a highly versatile technique, the same biological basis-cell exclusion–can be used to treat any type of defect. Vertical augmentation in the alveolar ridge is currently treated by the GBR principle, predictably and with high success rates, using a rigid framework associated with a mix of hydroxyapatite and autogenous bone. Lyophilized bovine bone is the hydroxyapatite of choice for this condition because it allows bone volume to be maintained over a long period of time, due to its slow resorption. Another important char-acteristic found in hydroxyapatite is its porosity since it allows – in addition to graft neo-vascularization–a greater ease of cell adhesion when compared to crystalline materials. Thus, this clinical case presents the use (for the first time in the literature) of a vertical augmentation of an atrophic ridge using Criteria Lumina Bone Porous® as the hydroxy-apatite of choice for association with autogenous bone particles.