A study on in vitro antioxidant activity of aqueous seed extract of sesbania sesban (l) merr.

The present study was done to investigate the in vitro antioxidant activity of aqueous extract of Sesbania sesban seeds. The assays such as DPPH, Chelation, ferrous ion, ABTS, Superoxide radical, hydroxyl radical assay, FRAP assay and total antioxidant activity were done to assess the antioxidant potential of the seed extract. The extract was tested at a concentration range of 100 – 500 μg/ml for all the assays and the values were compared with a standard. The results obtained showed that the radical scavenging activity was in a dose dependent manner and found to increase with increase in concentration of the extract. The IC50 value was calculated for the assays and tabulated for inference. Different assays revealed different levels of radical scavenging potential of the extract and exhibited as a better antioxidant source for therapeutic applications.

Changes in the Physico-Chemical Properties of Degraded Soils in Response to the ReviTec Approach Applied at Gawel (Far-North Cameroon)

A heavily degraded hardé area in the community of Gawel (Extreme Nord) was rehabilitated with a ReviTec approach. To evaluate the efficiency of introduced plants for rehabilitation, the site was monitored with the BioSoilPlot experiment over two years during the dry and rainy seasons (January 2018/2019, June 2018/2019, respectively). ReviTec was applied to accelerate ecological succession and improve the establishment of vegetation on these degradation-prone sites (Gawel 1 and Gawel 2). Growth volume, height and percentage cover of the herbaceous plants and soil physical and chemical parameters were assessed. Growth volume increased in both sites between 2018 and 2019 with Pennisetum pedicellatum exhibiting the highest values (Gawel 1: 3.41 dm3/m2 and 3.50 dm3/m2; Gawel 2: 3.47 dm3/m2 and 3.62 dm3/m2). Bunds were suitable for herbaceous growth, Sesbania sesban having the highest growth height (Gawel 1: 1.91 cm and 1.95 cm; Gawel 2: 1.95 cm and 1.97 cm) and Pennisetum pedicellatum the best percentage cover (Gawel 1: 53% and 58.33%; Gawel 2: 40.67% and 56.67%). Soil changed from sandy and strongly acid to clay-loam and slightly acid at Gawel 1, and from sandy and strongly acid to clay-loam and alkaline at Gawel 2. Soil water content and soil nutrient had increased within the ReviTec site compared to the outside with the application of compost-biochar-mycorrhiza treatment as the most promising over the two years of monitoring. Such results suggest that ReviTec approach can be used in sustainable restoration of soil hardé.

Stem Anatomical Descriptors of Four Sesbania Scop. Species And Their Systematic Implication

Stem anatomical features of four Sesbania Scop. species viz. S. bispinosa (Jacq.) W. Wight, S. cannabina (Retz.) Poir., S. sesban (L.) Merr., and S. rostrata Bremek. & Oberm., were examined to add some insights for identification of these species using quantitative anatomical descriptors. Sesbania stem is composed of epidermis, cortex, vascular tissues – phloem, cambium zone and xylem, and pith, which exhibit significant variations among the species in terms of their area and thickness. Sesbania sesban showed the largest area and widest epidermal cells. The close relationship between S. bispinosa and S. rostrata was found in the stem anatomical descriptors. Moreover, S. rostrata and S. cannabina were closer to some extent according to some anatomical descriptors; also rationalizing the external morphological similarities of these species. A dichotomous key of the studied Sesbania species was made. Dendrograms based on Agglomerative Hierarchical Cluster analysis of stem anatomical descriptors also confirmed close relationships identified in previous phylogenetic analyses. Bangladesh J. Plant Taxon. 28(2): 441-449, 2021 (December)

Phytoremediation of Cadmium Contaminated Soil Using Sesbania sesban L. in Association with Bacillus anthracis PM21: A Biochemical Analysis

Sustainable food production to feed nine to 10 billion people by 2050 is one of the greatest challenges we face in the 21st century. Due to anthropogenic activities, cadmium (Cd) contamination is ubiquitous with deleterious effects on plant and soil microbiota. In the current study, the phytoremediation potential of Sesbania sesban L. was investigated in Cd-spiked soil inoculated with Bacillus anthracis PM21. The Cd-spiked soil drastically reduced important plant attributes; however, inoculation of B. anthracis PM21 significantly (p ≤ 0.05) enhanced root length (17.21%), shoot length (15.35%), fresh weight (37.02%), dry weight (28.37%), chlorophyll a (52.79%), chlorophyll b (48.38%), and total chlorophyll contents (17.65%) at the Cd stress level of 200 mg/kg as compared to the respective control. In addition, bacterial inoculation improved superoxide dismutase (11.98%), peroxidase (12.16%), catalase (25.26%), and relative water content (16.66%) whereas it reduced proline content (16.37%), malondialdehyde content (12.67%), and electrolyte leakage (12.5%). Inoculated plants showed significantly (p ≤ 0.05) higher Cd concentration in the S. sesban root (118.6 mg/kg) and shoot (73.4 mg/kg) with a translocation (0.61) and bioconcentration factor (0.36), at 200 mg/kg Cd. Surface characterization of bacteria through Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) predicted the involvement of various functional groups and cell surface morphology in the adsorption of Cd ions. Amplification of the CzcD gene in strain PM21, improved antioxidant activities, and the membrane stability of inoculated S. sesban plants conferred Cd tolerance of strain PM21. In addition, the evaluated bacterial strain B. anthracis PM21 revealed significant plant growth-promoting potential in S. sesban; thus, it can be an effective candidate for phyto-remediation of Cd-polluted soil.

Possibility of Pulsed Electric Field and Essential Oil Pre-treatment, Microwave-air Dehydration to the Quality of the Dehydrated Sesban (Sesbania sesban) Flower

Non-heat ahead-treatment in advance of the main dehydration is essential to preserve the quality and ensure food safety. Pulsed electric field (PEF) utilizes a high-voltage electric field in a very short duration to inhibit microbes and enzymes while maintaining the most sensory and nutritional characteristics. For thermal sensitive components, the dehydration process should be performed at low temperatures. Freeze dehydration, vacuum dehydration required high cost for equipment, energy consumption, low quantity in long dehydration time. Microwave-air dehydration is considered as a promising alternative technical approach. Sesban (Sesbania sesban) flower contains numerous phytochemical components promoting health-benefit. However, it’s highly perishable after harvesting. Consumers enjoy the dried sesban flower as a healthy drink. This study examined the possibility of PEF ahead-treatment in microbial inhibition and enzymatic inactivation; essential oil and Microwave-air dehydration on retention of total phenolic content (TPC), vitamin C, 2,2 diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl of free radical scavenging (DPPH), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) of the dehydrated sesban flower. Research also monitored the microbial stability of the dehydrated sesban flower during 12 months of preservation. Results showed that PEF at pulse strength 1000 kV/cm, pulse duration 90 µs, pulse number 45 was remarkably inactivated polyphenol oxidase and peroxidase in raw material. Rosemary essential oil soaked for sesban flower before dehydration positively preserved the ascorbic acid, phenolic content and antioxidant capacity. These PEF and essential oil ahead-treatments strongly facilitated for the main Microwave-air dehydration. Among different air temperatures from 20°C to 40°C in microwave-air dehydration, the highest Vitamin C, TPC, DPPH and FRAP of the dried flower were recorded at air temperature from 20°C to 30°C with no significant difference. Meanwhile, airspeed 1.2 m/s showed the highest Vitamin C, TPC, DPPH and FRAP of the dried flower with no significant difference with airspeed 1.4 m/s and 1.6 m/s. There was no significant difference in Vitamin C, TPC, DPPH and FRAP of the dried flower by microwave power from 1.15 to 1.45W/g. Therefore, a combination of microwave and air dehydration at air temperature 25°C, airspeed 1.2 m/s, the microwave energy density of 1.45 W/g was recommended to better preserve vitamin C, TPC, DPPH, FRAP. Microbial stability of the dehydrated flower was also observed during 12 months of storage by 3 month-interval sampling. Coliform, yeast and mold criteria in dried product were stable within acceptable limits.

PGPR-Mediated Plant Growth Attributes and Metal Extraction Ability of Sesbania sesban L. in Industrially Contaminated Soils

The release of harmful wastes via different industrial activities is the main cause of heavy metal toxicity. The present study was conducted to assess the effects of heavy metal stress on the plant growth traits, antioxidant enzyme activities, chlorophyll content and proline content of Sesbania sesban with/without the inoculation of heavy-metal-tolerant Bacillus gibsonii and B. xiamenensis. Both PGP strains showed prominent ACC-deaminase, indole acetic acid, exopolysaccharides production and tolerance at different heavy metal concentrations (50–1000 mg/L). Further, in a pot experiment, S. sesban seeds were grown in contaminated and noncontaminated soils. After harvesting, plants were used for the further analysis of growth parameters. The experiment comprised of six different treatments. The effects of heavy metal stress and bacterial inoculation on the plant root length; shoot length; fresh and dry weight; photosynthetic pigments; proline content; antioxidant activity; and absorption of metals were observed at the end of the experiment. The results revealed that industrially contaminated soils distinctly reduced the growth of plants. However, both PGPR strains enhanced the root length up to 105% and 80%. The shoot length was increased by 133% and 75%, and the fresh weight was increased by 121% and 129%. The proline content and antioxidant enzymes posed dual effects on the plants growing in industrially contaminated soil, allowing them to cope with the metal stress, which enhanced the plant growth. The proline content was increased up to 190% and 179% by the inoculation of bacterial strains. Antioxidant enzymes, such as SOD, increased to about 216% and 245%, while POD increased up to 48% and 49%, respectively. The results clearly show that the utilized PGPR strains might be strong candidates to assist S. sesban growth under heavy metal stress conditions. We highly suggest these PGPR strains for further implementation in field experiments.

The Use of Jayanti (Sesbania Sesban) Molluscicide in Overcoming Golden Snail, Pest Of Rice Plant in The Village of Bunut Baok, Central Lombok

As a result of the attack golden snails, rice production declined to 30 % in some places in the province of West Nusa Tenggara. Application of science and technology activities for the community ( IbM ) to address the problem of golden snail pest have been conducted in The Village of Bunut Baok, Central Lombok. IbM program conducted by subject matter covers characteristics of jayanti plant (Sesbania sesban ) and its cultivation method, characteristics of golden snail species that is pests of the rice plant, how to prepare and manufacture of jayanti molluscicide, and its application to control rice pest snails. The methods used include lecture, discussion, demonstration and practice. IbM activity followed by 12 members of Farmers Group Mohon Petunjuk Bunut Baok Village. The results of the practice is that the use of 1 ppm solution jayanti leaf can be lethal 48% to 84% of golden snail population. Other results achieved are covering the growing appreciation of farmers to plant jayanti, increasing farmers' knowledge and skills in identifying plants jayanti, skilled to make jayanti molluscicide, and its use to control rice pest golden snails.

Analisis Fitokimia dan Aktivitas Antibakteri Beberapa Jenis Tanaman terhadap Bakteri Patogen pada Budidaya Ikan

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kandungan fitokimia serta aktivitas antibakteri sepuluh jenis tanaman terhadap bakteri Vibrio alginolyticus dan Aeromonas hydropilla. Dipilih 10 jenis tanaman yang sering digunakan sebagai obat dan banyak ditemukan di kota Kupang seperti tanaman Phyllanthus acidus, Euphorbia hirta, Persea gratissima, Euphorbia thymifolia, Morus australis, Justica gendarussa, Paederia scandeus, Annona squamosa, Sesbania sesban, dan Jatropha gossypifolia. Bagian tanaman yang digunakan adalah daun, kecuali E. hirta dan E. thymifolia digunakan seluruh bagian tanaman. Kesepuluh jenis tanaman tersebut dibuat bubuk, kemudian diekstraksi dengan cara dimaserasi secara bertingkat mulai dari pelarut n-heksan, etil asetat dan metanol, selain itu, juga digunakan ekstrak air tanaman tersebut. Semua jenis ekstrak tanaman diuji antibakteri dengan menggunakan metode cakram. Jenis ekstrak yang aktif selanjutnya diuji antibakteri pada konsentrasi 10%, 1% dan 0,1%. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa jenis tanaman yang berpotensi sebagai antibakteri pada budidaya ikan laut adalah esktrak air dan metanol E. hirta dan E. thymifolia. Sedangkan jenis tanaman yang berpotensi sebagai antibakteri pada budidaya ikan air tawar adalah ekstrak air E. hirta dan E. thymifolia daun J. gendarussa.

Evaluation and demonstration of leguminous shrubs hedgerows intercropping with maize crop

Smallholder farmers influenced from the challenges of production constraints to afford farm family with surplus food. To improve this problem the present study was designed to evaluate legume shrubs hedgerow intercropping with maize. In the present study, the growth performance of Sesbania sesban and Cajanus cajan was evaluated to determine their potential in hedgerow intercropping. The result revealed that Sesbania sesban performs better than Cajanus cajan in terms of biomass provision in the successive pruning, mean height, branching, diameter at breast height and root collar diameter. Biomass produced from Sesbania sesban was significantly higher than Cajanus cajan, this plays great role in soil nutrient improvement and maize yield also increased. There was an increasing trend in soil properties in terms of organic C, total N, in legume treatments especially in Sesbania sesban hedgerow to the initial and control soils. Maize grain yield higher under Sesbania sesban hedgerow plot than Cajanus cajan, maize with fertilizer and control. This should be intensively demonstrated to sustain the agricultural production as an organic farming through integration of easily adapting, less competing with the companion crop, deep rooted and fast growing legume tree/shrub species. Further research is important in areas of determining decomposing rate of different parts, pruned biomass and potential species should be identified. Int. J. Agril. Res. Innov. Tech. 11(1): 60-68, June 2021