Vitrectomy in Congenital Vitreous Pathologies

Congenital vitreous diseases are the result of embryological development defects of the vitreous. These diseases have a wide spectrum including congenital vitreous disorders and genetically impaired vitreous structure. Also, these diseases are the first diseases that should come to mind in vitreous and retinal pathologies seen in the early age group. In many of them, pars plana vitrectomy has an important role in the treatment. Due to the disease pathophysiology and age of the patients, they differ from the standard pars plana vitrectomy. In this review, congenital vitreous pathologies and the vitrectomy method applied in the treatment of these pathologies will be discussed.

Anomalous Origin of the Right Vertebral Artery

An anomalous origin of the right vertebral artery (VA) is a rare anomaly that is much rarer than that of the left VA. It can be divided into a few patterns, including aortic origin, right carotid or brachiocephalic arterial origin, and duplicated origin. In embryological development, the VA is made up of a longitudinal anastomosis between cervical segments. The mechanism of the anomalous origin of the right VA can be explained by the persistence of the cervical segmental artery and the regression point of the 4th right aortic arch. Although the anomaly is usually found incidentally on imaging modalities, it can be a potential cause of complication during surgical and interventional procedures. However, there are a lot of reports about the radiomics of the anomaly. Therefore, we discuss the potential relationship between the anomalous origin of the right VA and radiomics. As the take-home message, understanding several patterns of anomalous origin of the right VA with their embryology and imaging findings is important for surgical and endovascular interventions to avoid intraprocedural complications.

The inferior vena cava: anatomical variants and acquired pathologies

The inferior vena cava (IVC) is the largest vein in the body, draining blood from the abdomen, pelvis and lower extremities. This pictorial review summarises normal anatomy and embryological development of the IVC. In addition, we highlight a wide range of anatomical variants, acquired pathologies and a common pitfall in imaging of the IVC. This information is essential for clinical decision making and to reduce misdiagnosis.

“Here comes Bio-me”: An analysis of a biobank campaign targeted at children

Finnish biobanks have started to recruit children. The national supervising authority has emphasized the centrality of providing children with age-appropriate information. We analyzed one such campaign. We argue that by simplifying the complex socio-technical arrangements of biobanking with the introduction of a new metaphor-like concept, “Bio-me,” the campaign presents a misleading and reductionist picture of data-driven biomedicine and biobank participation. First, the Bio-me character seems to bear similarities to the seventeenth-century explanations of embryological development. Second, the focus in the campaign is on biological material while crucial connections to different sorts of data are ignored. Third, we point to the absence of verbal references to genes and DNA, although the prevailing visualization comprises the double helix. We argue that the campaign has potential to contribute to public misunderstanding of science by introducing a new term that has little connection to actual biology or scientific practices it tries to promote.

The Story of the Hand

This review describes the Story of the Human Hand. It traces the functional needs that led to evolution of the human hand as well as its embryological development. The various in utero stages of formation of the human hand are covered along with a description of the various molecular and genetic factors that control this process.

Unicuspid and quadricuspid aortic valves: two case reports and literature review

There are three cusps in a normally developed aortic valve. Abnormal excavation or fusion, during the embryological development of the aortic valve, results in a varying number of cusps. Bicuspid aortic valve is the most common, but more rarely, unicuspid and quadricuspid aortic valves can be seen. Here, a case of a 16-year-old male with a unicommissural unicuspid aortic valve and a case of a 13-year-old female with a quadricuspid aortic valve were reported.

The Utility of Playdoh in learning Early Embryological Development in Pre-Clinical Anatomy Curriculum: A Case. (Preprint)

BACKGROUND Anatomy education has evolved over the past decade. Despite the emergence of 3D models and medical applications, the active component of learning is usually discounted upon. Therefore, in this study, we explored the utility of playdoh in the teaching and learning early embryological concepts of students in pre-clinical medical curriculum. We have provided a step-by-step approach in replicating playdoh for the use of early embryological development teaching in medical school. The outcome of this study indicate that playdoh models are easily replicable with a lab manual and may be beneficial in evoking active learning component in students thus providing an enriching learning environment. OBJECTIVE Anatomy education has evolved over the past decade. Despite the emergence of 3D models and medical applications, the active component of learning is usually discounted upon. Therefore, in this study, we explored the utility of playdoh in the teaching and learning early embryological concepts of students in pre-clinical medical curriculum. We have provided a step-by-step approach in replicating playdoh for the use of early embryological development teaching in medical school. The outcome of this study indicate that playdoh models are easily replicable with a lab manual and may be beneficial in evoking active learning component in students thus providing an enriching learning environment. METHODS In this case study, we used remains of playdoh consisting on various colors (Character Options Ltd, UK) analogous to the recommended textbook for class, Langman Embryology to create embryological models. Each tissue layers of the early embryo were first molded before combining them together. Figure 3 summarizes the end product. RESULTS Images showing results CONCLUSIONS Our study highlighted and explored an avenue for active participation of students in learning embryological concepts. However, this study was merely conducted to explore the feasibility of using non-traditional methods in teaching that requisite active participation of students in classroom. The other limitation in this case is that only a fraction of early embryological development was illustrated. Organ specific developments could be potentially explored in future studies. Moreover, further studies may be required to validate the effectiveness of using playdoh in anatomy sessions. CLINICALTRIAL NA

Embryological Development and Topographic Anatomy of Pelvic Compartments—Surgical Relevance for Pelvic Lymphonodectomy

Background: The oncological outcome of surgery for the treatment of pelvic malignancies can be improved by performing pelvic lymphonodectomy. However, the extent and regions of lymph node harvest are debated and require profound knowledge of anatomy in order to avoid collateral damage. Methods: The embryological development and topographic anatomy of pelvic compartments in relation to pelvic lymphonodectomy for rectal, uterine, and prostate cancer are reviewed. Based on pre-dissected anatomical specimens, lymph node regions and drainage routes of the posterior and urogenital pelvic compartments are described in both genders. Anatomical landmarks are highlighted to identify structures at risk of injury during pelvic lymphonodectomy. Results: The ontogenesis of urogenital and anorectal compartments and their lymphatic supply are key factors for adequate lymphonodectomy, and have led to compartment-based surgical resection strategies. However, pelvic lymphonodectomy bears the risk of injury to somatic and autonomic nerves, vessels, and organs, depending on the regions and extent of surgery. Conclusion: Embryologically defined, compartment-based resection of pelvic malignancies and their lymphatic drainage routes are based on clearly delineated anatomical landmarks, which permit template-oriented pelvic lymphonodectomy. Comprehensive knowledge of pelvic anatomy, the exchange of surgical concepts between specialties, and minimally invasive techniques will optimize pelvic lymphonodectomy and reduce complications.

A stepwise approach to open surgery for the frontal sinus

BackgroundDespite advances in endoscopic techniques, there are still instances when the frontal sinus must be approached externally. Given its variable anatomy, the frontal sinus continues to present a challenge to the surgeon. Our rule of thumb capitalises on the consistent embryological development of the frontal sinus, aiding safe external access.Methods and resultsThe presented stepwise approach includes trephination, fenestration, an osteoplastic flap and obliteration. The obliteration procedure has produced good results in managing those patients with disabling symptoms despite multiple endoscopic procedures.