Mapping of IOC-UNESCO Tsunami Ready Indicators in the Pangandaran Village, Indonesia

Pangandaran Village is a tourist village located in Pangandaran Regency, West Java Province, Indonesia. The beautiful view of sand beaches and abundant marine resources make Pangandaran Village has great economic potential. However, in 2006, an earthquake with a magnitude of 7.7 Mw triggered a tsunami disaster in the Pangandaran area that caused more than 600 fatalities, injuries, and damage to buildings, especially in Pangandaran Village. Based on current research, there is potential for an 8.7 magnitude earthquake off the south coast of Java in the near future, triggering an enormous tsunami. The coastal community in Pangandaran Regency has been building a tsunami risk reduction strategy to anticipate the tsunami disaster. In Pangandaran Village, the local community is piloting the 12 tsunami ready indicators following the guideline from UNESCO-IOC. Therefore, this study aims to map 12 tsunami ready IOC-UNESCO indicators in Pangandaran Village to evaluate which indicators the government and community of Pangandaran Village. The method used in mapping 12 tsunami ready indicators in Pangandaran Village is to take data in the field by doing aerial photographs, conducting interviews with the village government and other related local stakeholders, mapping tsunami evacuation plan and infrastructure, and disseminating questionnaires to the community to find out the response to the tsunami disaster. Based on the IOC-UNESCO tsunami indicator mapping results, all indicators have been fulfilled. However, several other aspects of tsunami preparedness indicators still need to be improved to strengthen tsunami preparedness in Pangandaran.

Characteristics of Potential Tsunami Evacuee and Evacuation Infrastucture in Pangandaran Beach, Indonesia

Pangandaran Regency is a strategic area that supports various economic and social activities. However, the existence of this strategic area is threatened by the potential of tsunami disaster, especially from the megathrust along the South Coast of Java Island. One of the efforts to enhance tsunami preparedness is to conduct evacuation plan and drill. Based on previous tsunami occurrence, it is known that success of evacuation during disaster is still limited by lack of community knowledge, preparedness, and limited infrastructure such as informative evacuation route maps, evacuation signs and proper evacuation sites. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to identify people's behavior in carrying out evacuations and actual condition of the current evacuation infrastructure which is later be used to obtain comprehensive information as the basis for evacuation plans preparation. This study aims to disseminate questionnaires to 174 respondents in Pangandaran Tourism Area and map tsunami evacuation infrastructure. This study shows a high awareness of tsunami hazards, in which 82% of respondents choose to evacuate after experiencing an earthquake or getting an early tsunami warning. In addition to the result, some respondents still do not know the route or evacuation site. Uninformed shelter destination and route choice result in potential congestion on the main roads, which slows evacuation by compromising survival rates. Three Pangandaran official TES can accommodate approximately 11,900 people, while the capacity of alternative TES if utilized 100% can accommodate 21,291 people. This indicates that the official TES and the new Alternative TEST can accommodate the villagers and some of tourists if the number of tourists reaches the maximum. Therefore, the existing building can be utilized as Temporary Evacuation Sites. Furthermore, there is a call to evacuation signs maintenance, in which some signs are currently in inappropriate condition such as damaged or show misleading information.

Program Kesiapsiagaan Tsunami Usaha Hotel di Kawasan Pariwisata Anyer, Provinsi Banten

Increased tourism activity and the vulnerability of the Anyer tourism area on the coast of the Sunda Strait triggered the development of hotel preparedness for disaster risk reduction. The safety and security of tourists is the main focus of stakeholders, especially the hotel in realizing the coastal area of the Sunda Strait as a tsunami-resistant area. This study aims to identify tsunami preparedness programs for hotels in the tourism area of Anyer, the government programs of the Banten Province, and Serang Regency were also identified. Primary data were obtained through observation, in-depth interviews, and questionnaires, while secondary data were obtained through previous studies and local government policies. Data were analyzed using qualitative analysis methods. This study was carried out for six months in eight hotels in the Anyer tourism area. The results showed that hotels in the Anyer tourism area had not implemented the non-structural preparedness concept according to the tsunami ready hotel concept before the Sunda Strait Tsunami. The absence of standard tsunami operational procedures is one of the biggest causes of the number of casualties.

The Effect of Earthquakes and Tsunamis Preparedness on Anxiety Levels: A Case Study of Alue Naga Village, Banda Aceh

Preparedness is a new paradigm in the context of disaster management. In order to reduce casualties, property losses, and psychological impacts, the community must improve their preparedness. Alue Naga Village, Banda Aceh is one of the earthquakes and tsunami-prone areas. This study aims at determining the effect of earthquake and tsunami preparedness on the level of community anxiety. It utilized an analytic observational method, with a cross-sectional approach with 100 respondents. Data obtained from questionnaires were analyzed using the Kolmogorov Smirnov test. This study demonstrated that 90% of respondents have low preparedness and 70% have mild anxiety levels. It concluded that there is no significant effect between the earthquake and tsunami preparedness on the level of community anxiety in Alue Naga Village, Banda Aceh, with p value= 0.864 (p 0.1). This study recommends more research, especially on the important aspects of preparedness and anxiety levels.

“Inamura no hi” (“the rice bale fire”), its evolving story and global relevance: the politics of tsunami preparedness in Japan

PurposeThis paper aims to reintroduce to proponents of natural disaster readiness worldwide the history and content of the most renowned tsunami mitigation tale in Japan, “Inamura no Hi” (“The Rice Bale Fire”) for the purpose of reconnecting with its many virtues that have made it a cross-cultural pedagogical catalyst for tsunami preparedness education. At a time in the planet's history when global warming mitigation and pandemic advertence in a milieu in which equity, diversity and human rights are highly valued, the insights it contains pertaining to tsunami preparedness, plot design and the politics of its popularity make it particularly instructive.Design/methodology/approachThe study used methods, approaches and techniques prevalent in cultural anthropology, i.e. primary texts, historical analysis, linguistic natural hazard preparedness education theory and ethnographic insights to assess how and why “Inamura no Hi” (“The Rice Bale Fire”) has come to be used so broadly on an international scale as a tsunami preparedness teaching tool and the politics involved in this process.FindingsThe study revealed that the cross-cultural relevance of “Inamura no Hi” (“The Rice Bale Fire”) is related to its unique authorship and development which has cultivated in it three qualities highly compatible with effective disaster mitigation at the international level. These are the simplicity of its message, the practical advice it dispenses and the universally agreeable morality it supports. However, the way in which the Japanese Government has promoted this story does not effectively encourage equity, diversity, or a respect for human rights as a major facilitator of preparedness among the many nations like itself in the region and in the world that are vulnerable to natural hazards.Research limitations/implicationsThe main limitations of the study are that it is based on a historic investigation of the origins of “Inamura no Hi” (“The Rice Bale Fire”) using materials in English and Japanese, a genealogical interpretation of the story using approaches prevalent in translation studies and a qualitative analysis of historical uses of the story, all of which are difficult to quantify. Since the study seeks to find social and cultural patterns in the relevant material presented, the analysis reflects a subjectivity common in all social scientific studies of this kind.Practical implicationsEducating its readers about tsunami preparedness is one of the most important functions of this paper. The study confirms that “Inamura no Hi” (“The Rice Bale Fire”) provides Japanese and non-Japanese alike with the opportunity to envision and construct a customized culturally specific sense of tsunami readiness by harnessing this dynamic. For Japanese, the story provides a chance to contemplate an astute view of Japanese-style tsunami management from the viewpoint of an outsider who became a well-respected citizen. For non-Japanese, the story offers an opportunity to be reflexive about tsunami readiness based on a cross-culturally adaptable template that Hamaguchi's protagonist Gohei provides.Social implicationsPedagogically speaking, “Inamura no Hi” (“The Rice Bale Fire”) makes the most sense when regarded as a starting point for preparing for any natural disaster anywhere. The story reminds us that the most educational, globally relevant tsunami preparedness narratives are those that complement and extend the latest of what the world knows about these destructive ocean waves to keep vulnerable citizens safe and alive. This study reveals that as important as the story is the politics of its delivery to provide the best first line of defense against tsunami amnesia which in Japan and many other countries has historically taken far too many lives.Originality/valueThe paper argues that “Inamura no Hi” (“The Rice Bale Fire”) is an example of a tsunami preparedness story that contains a variety of insights that continue to contribute to tsunami awareness education cross culturally that must not be underestimated. However, the way it is currently promoted by the Japanese Government needs to be improved, so that more representatives from more countries involved in tsunami preparedness and natural hazard readiness worldwide can benefit. These are insights not accessible by a researcher who is not bilingual in English and Japanese; thus, by using an ethnographic approach and participant observation utilizing both languages as part of long-term fieldwork, the researcher can gain these insights.