Empathy reduces susceptibility to false memory

Psychological and physiological evidence has demonstrated that the underlying mechanisms for empathy and for autobiographical memories were related to a great extent. However, whether the facilitative effect of empathy on memory also applied to misinformation was unknown. To test this, we used a misinformation paradigm on a sample of 51 participants aged 20–27. The participants viewed videos that evoked different degrees of empathy, and then were fed misleading information. The participants’ susceptibility to misleading information was lower for the videos that provoked a high degree of empathy compared to the videos that provoked a low degree of empathy. Based on our data, we conclude that empathy can prevent people from being misled by false information.

Acquisition of attributive adjectives and noun adjuncts by L3 learners of French and German: further evidence for the typological primacy model (TPM)

This investigation explored the impact of prior acquired languages in the acquisition of third language (L3) at initial stages. The required data were gathered via two groups of L3 learners: 27 learners of L3 French and 26 learners of L3 German during a grammaticality judgement task (GJT) and an element rearrangement task (ERT) to test the placement of noun adjuncts and attributive adjectives. Both groups had acquired Persian as the first language and English as the second language. The participants were assigned to two L2 proficiency level groups (intermediate and advanced). The findings revealed that L3 German participants outperformed L3 French learners in the attributive adjective placement in both tasks as well as the noun adjunct in the GJT task. The L3 groups showed similar levels of performance in the ERT noun adjunct task. Additionally, the effect of L2 level of proficiency was not significant. The results also indicated that the typological similarity of L2 English to German rather than French rendered a facilitative effect on task performance in the L3 German group and a non-facilitative effect in the L3 French group. This study provides evidence for the Typological Primacy Model (TPM) of L3 acquisition suggesting that L3 learners are influenced by the typological similarities of the previous languages they have already acquired.

Restrictive Deterrence in Drug Offenses: A Systematic Review and Meta-Synthesis of Mixed Studies

Deterrence by punishment aims to prevent a crime; however, it is not always successful. Restrictive deterrence explains the continuous criminal activities that occur despite deterrence; offenders enact various strategies to avoid detection, which is more typical among drug offenders given that they have a high frequency of offending and exposure to punishment. This systematic review provides an in-depth understanding of restrictive deterrence of drug offenders. Two prominent themes, “restrictive deterrence strategy” and “deterrability and restrictive deterrence,” depict drug offenders' restrictive deterrence and effectively fit within the certainty–severity framework of punishment. Future studies should investigate restrictive deterrence strategies in the after-arrest context, the facilitative effect of perception of risk on strategy development, and facilitators or inhibitors affecting the diffusion of restrictive deterrence strategies.

Indirect interactions among co-infecting parasites and a microbial mutualist impact disease progression

Interactions among parasites and other microbes within hosts can impact disease progression, yet study of such interactions has been mostly limited to pairwise combinations of microbes. Given the diversity of microbes within hosts, indirect interactions among more than two microbial species may also impact disease. To test this hypothesis, we performed inoculation experiments that investigated interactions among two fungal parasites, Rhizoctonia solani and Colletotrichum cereale, and a systemic fungal endophyte, Epichloë coenophiala, within the grass, tall fescue ( Lolium arundinaceum ). Both direct and indirect interactions impacted disease progression. While the endophyte did not directly influence R. solani disease progression or C. cereale symptom development, the endophyte modified the interaction between the two parasites . The magnitude of the facilitative effect of C. cereale on the growth of R. solani tended to be greater when the endophyte was present. Moreover, this interaction modification strongly affected leaf mortality. For plants lacking the endophyte, parasite co-inoculation did not increase leaf mortality compared to single-parasite inoculations. By contrast, for endophyte-infected plants, parasite co-inoculation increased leaf mortality compared to inoculation with R. solani or C. cereale alone by 1.9 or 4.9 times, respectively. Together, these results show that disease progression can be strongly impacted by indirect interactions among microbial symbionts.

Effect of Non-canonical Spatial Symmetry on Subitizing

Subitizing refers to ability of people to accurately and effortlessly enumerate a small number of items, with a capacity around four elements. Previous research showed that “canonical” organizations, such as familiar layouts on a dice, can readily improve subitizing performance of people. However, almost all canonical shapes found in the world are also highly symmetrical; therefore, it is unclear whether previously reported facilitative effect of canonical organization is really due to canonicality, or simply driven by spatial symmetry. Here, we investigated the possible effect of symmetry on subitizing by using symmetrical, yet non-canonical, shape structures. These symmetrical layouts were compared with highly controlled random patterns (Experiment 1), as well as fully random and canonical patterns (Experiment 2). Our results showed that symmetry facilitates subitizing performance, but only at set size of 6, suggesting that the effect is insufficient to improve performance of people in the lower or upper range. This was also true, although weaker, in reaction time (RT), error distance measures, and Weber Fractions. On the other hand, canonical layouts produced faster and more accurate subitizing performances across multiple set sizes. We conclude that, although previous findings mixed symmetry in their canonical shapes, their findings on shape canonicality cannot be explained by symmetry alone. We also propose that our symmetrical and canonical results are best explained by the “groupitizing” and pattern recognition accounts, respectively.

Does Linguistic Similarity Affect Early Simultaneous Bilingual Language Acquisition?

It is well established that L2 acquisition is faster when the L2 is more closely related to the learner’s L1. In the current study we investigated whether language similarity has a comparable facilitative effect in early simultaneous bilingual children. The similarity between each bilingual child’s two languages was determined using phonological and typological scales. We compared the vocabulary size of bilingual toddlers learning different pairs of languages. Results show that the vocabulary size of bilingual children is indeed influenced by similarity: the more similar the languages, the larger the children’s vocabulary.

Combining statistics: The effects of phonotactics on cross-situational word learning

Regularities in speech can both help listeners make sense of their noisy world and support word learning. Two types of regularities that influence word learning are word-object co-occurrences and phonotactic probabilities. Here we conduct an exploratory investigation of the effects of phonotactics on word learning in ambiguous contexts. Brazilian-Portuguese speaking adults (N = 62) participated. Using a cross-situational word learning paradigm, we conducted two experiments in which sets of words with different phonotactic probabilities were presented in parallel, during the same learning opportunity, or sequentially, split across two learning opportunities. We found no effect of phonotactics on word learning in the first experiment, but we found a facilitative effect for the words with the highest phonotactics in the second experiment. Our results suggest that phonotactics and co-occurrence statistics can be combined to aid word learning, but only when learning opportunities highlight PP differences.

How Does Empathy Modulate Susceptibility to False Memory?

Based on the view that the function of empathy is to integrate one’s concepts of the self and others, we hypothesised that empathy facilitates memory by relating external events to self-related information. However, whether empathy’s facilitative effect on memory applied to misleading information was unknown. To test this, we used a misinformation paradigm on a sample of 51 participants aged 20–42. Participants were fed misleading information after watching videos that evoked different degrees of empathy. The results showed that the participants’ susceptibility to misleading information was lower for videos that provoked a high degree of empathy compared to videos that provoked a low degree of empathy. Based on our data, we conclude that empathy can prevent people from being misled by false information.

Higher-order interactions among coinfecting parasites and a microbial mutualist impact disease progression

Interactions among parasites and other microbes within hosts can impact disease progression, yet study of such interactions has been mostly limited to pairwise combinations of microbes. Given the diversity of microbes within hosts, higher-order interactions among more than two microbial species may also impact disease. To test this hypothesis, we performed inoculation experiments that investigated interactions among two fungal parasites, Rhizoctonia solani and Colletotrichum cereale, and a systemic fungal endophyte, Epichloê coenophiala, within a grass host. Both pairwise and higher-order interactions impacted disease progression. While the endophyte did not directly influence R. solani growth or C. cereale symptom development, the endophyte modified the interaction between the two parasites. The magnitude of the facilitative effect of C. cereale on the growth of R. solani tended to be greater when the endophyte was present. Moreover, this interaction modification strongly affected leaf mortality. For plants lacking the endophyte, parasite co-inoculation did not increase leaf mortality compared to single-parasite inoculations. In contrast, for endophyte-infected plants, parasite co-inoculation increased leaf mortality compared to inoculation with R. solani or C. cereale alone by 1.9 or 4.9 times, respectively. Together, these results show that disease progression can be strongly impacted by higher-order interactions among microbial symbionts.

Mice (Mus musculus) do not perceive emergent Gestalt

We have previously demonstrated that chimpanzees, similar to humans, can discriminate the orientations of a diagonal line better when lines are presented in redundant contexts than alone. In the present study, we examined whether the same redundant context facilitated diagonal orientation discrimination in mice. Mice were presented one of three simultaneous, diagonal orientation discrimination tasks: (1) presented alone; (2) presented with the context that resulted in emergent configurations in chimpanzees and humans; and (3) presented with the context not resulting in emergent configurations in chimpanzees or humans. In contrast to the facilitative effect of congruent context in chimpanzees and humans, the identical context did not facilitate the discrimination of the diagonal orientation in mice. This finding suggests that mice, unlike chimpanzees and humans, do not perceive emergent Gestalts.