The right to equal pay as a variety of socio-economic rights.

The article considers the right to fair pay in the context of socio-economic rights. International legal acts on the existence of provisions on fair remuneration are analyzed. Emphasis is placed on the fact that fair pay is part of the block of socio-economic rights, which are characterized by a significant number of valuation concepts. It is noted that wages are the most important social standard for society, while the social standard means scientifically sound and socially recognized levels of material, spiritual and social needs, the state of social processes necessary for the proper functioning and development of society.Emphasis is placed on the fact that despite the fact that there is a whole package of international legal documents that describe and normatively establish the general principles and conditions of formation, functioning and development of the welfare state, none of these acts has an unambiguous interpretation of what specifically in terms of the quality and quantity of social benefits provided by the state, the criterion of «fair wages ensures a decent standard of living» is met.It is noted that a serious problem in determining the «fair wage» is the weak development of models for deter-mining the level of human needs, as well as absolute independence, dependence of wage standards on other social norms established by the state.It is concluded that at the present stage of development of the market economy in Ukraine the priority tasks are the restoration and expanded reproduction of human potential; restoration of economic growth as a basis for increasing the welfare of workers; formation of a high-tech national reproductive system and a corresponding modern structure of high-quality labor force; overcoming the relations of alienation and exploitation, including through a significant increase in wages and the development of various systems of employee participation in profits and incomes; formation of cooperation mechanisms for development at both macro and micro levels. This requires the development and implementation of a national program to improve the quality and dignity of work, one of the most important parts of which is the institution of wages.

Feminism and a View of Conservative Gender Roles among Young Working Women in Malaysia

People are often influenced by norms and ideologies, including the concepts of feminism and conservative gender roles. With perceptions evolving constantly, we intend to investigate the subject of feminism and the view of young working women in Malaysia with regards to conservative gender roles. Studies on the subject have been scarce or minimal so far, hence understanding the general population’s perception will allow us to better measure public awareness on the topic of our research. The demographic of participants in this study specifically encompasses working women, between the ages of eighteen and forty years old. The participants were recruited through virtual mediums, namely WhatsApp, Facebook and Instagram. They were then asked to participate in a semi-structured interview to aid in the collection of detailed data which was then analysed through the process of transcription and coding for recurring themes. The study suggests that young working women in Malaysia are more in tune with feminism than originally anticipated due to digital platforms. Among the inequalities faced in the workforce, the most cited are equal and fair pay. Family upbringing, tradition and culture were often cited as shaping the general evolution of gender roles. Research can be done on feminism, gender roles and their implications on the LGBT community as a whole.

California's Fair Pay to Play Act and Its Fight Against the Commerce Clause

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Time’s Up: A Call to Eradicate NCAA Monopsony Through Federal Legislation

Few traditions are as near and dear to the hearts of Americans as college athletics. The institution holds a special place in society because it reflects the ultimate convergence of those values that uniquely define the United States: loyalty, competitiveness, and pride. However, the notion of basic fairness seems to have been excluded along the way, as the commercialization of college athletics gave way to total dominance over the industry by the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA). The NCAA promulgates sports rules and organizes collegiate-level championships, but its most influential role involves promoting “amateurism,” or the notion that student-athletes are not entitled to compensation because college athletics should be about the love of the game, not monetization. While amateurism may be touted as an honorable principle aimed at preserving the character of college athletics and its differences from professional sports, the principle is more difficult to justify at a time when the NCAA earns $1.1 billion per year in revenue, none of which is shared among student-athletes who work full-time and typically live below the poverty line. Last year, state legislators paused to consider whether any justification exists for continuing to adhere to the NCAA’s archaic system of denying compensation to student-athletes in light of the fact that “amateurism” holds no significance in a legal sense. Given the lack of any such justification, the California legislature became the first to explicitly defy the NCAA in passing the Fair Pay to Play Act in September of 2019. Since then, a number of states have followed suit by drafting nearly identical laws that would likewise have the effect of permitting student-athletes to earn compensation for use of their name, image, and likeness (NIL). Unsurprisingly, NCAA leadership vehemently condemned the movement at first, threatening to strip member institutions affected by the new legislation from the organization altogether. The NCAA has since reneged on its hostile position, making a public commitment to reform its policies so as to authorize paid endorsement opportunities for student-athletes on some level. However, the organization will undoubtedly attempt to minimize the impact of the Fair Pay to Play Act and its progeny whether through litigation or by crafting new restrictive policies ultimately aimed at nullifying the effects of new laws. Admittedly, the state-by-state approach to adopting a new stance on athlete compensation comes with a number of practical challenges, thereby providing fertile ground for the NCAA to launch powerful objections. This Comment aims to present a workable solution in the form of a comprehensive federal law, which would secure the rights of student-athletes to earn compensation for use of their NILs before the NCAA is given the opportunity to preempt the significance of that right. While several congressmen have drafted federal laws related to the topic of NIL rights in this context, this Comment identifies particular issues that have been overlooked at the state level thus far, recommending specific provisions that would not only embrace student-athletes’ rights in principle as a matter of basic fairness, but make those rights a practicable and economically feasible reality.