INTERVENÇÕES FONOLÓGICAS EM CRIANÇAS COM DESVIO FONOLÓGICO: UMA REVISÃO SISTEMÁTICA

Introdução: Dentre os distúrbios dos sons da fala, tem-se o desvio fonológico, sendo este caracterizado por erros na produção de fala. A partir dos achados da avaliação fonológica, o terapeuta deverá selecionar a proposta de intervenção mais adequada para cada caso dentre os diversos modelos elaborados a partir de teorias linguísticas que buscam alcançar a reorganização fonológica. Objetivo: Avaliar a intervenção fonológica para os casos de desvios fonológicos no Português Brasileiro Método: a revisão sistemática foi conduzida conforme as recomendações do Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). A busca por artigos científicos foi conduzida por dois pesquisadores independentes nas bases de dados Medline (Pubmed), LILACS, SciELO, Cochrane Library e Scopus. A pesquisa foi realizada com os descritores [(Phonological disorders) or (Phonological impairment) or (Speech sound disorders) or (Articulation Disorders) or (Language and Hearing Sciences) and (Speech Therapy) or (Speech Intervention) or (Phonological treatment) or (Phonological Intervention)] e compreendeu o período de janeiro de 2015 a maio de 2020. Resultados: Todas as crianças apresentaram evolução e ampliação no sistemas fonológicos, independente da intervenção fonológica escolhida para o caso. Entretanto, os estudos que aliaram a terapia tradicional com outros recursos alternativos (exemplo, softwares) obtiveram resultados promissores. Conclusão: Apesar dos resultados terem sido eficazes nos estudos analisados, não foi possível sistematizar a escolha da intervenção com o quadro clínico dos sujeitos em decorrência da falta de uniformização dos sujeitos e ao delineamento metodológico. Não é possível realizar conclusões sistemáticas com relação à intervenção fonológica de crianças brasileiras.

Descriptive analysis of the development of the Arabic speech sounds among typically developing colloquial Egyptian Arabic-speaking children

Background Literature only mentioned a few kinds of research that did study the development of the speech sounds of the Colloquial Egyptian Arabic dialect. Moreover, these studies focused on describing the phonological processes that children undergo in early childhood rather than describing the exact time of acquisition of these sounds. Besides, no study involved a statistically enough sample size of children across the different age ranges. Thus, this study aimed to explore the development of the Arabic phonemes among 360 typically developing Egyptian children who speak the CEA dialect, between the ages of 1.6 years and ≤ 7.4 years. Results The results of a 93-picture-naming test of children were analyzed. A phoneme is considered acquired when 90% of the children could properly utter the target phoneme in all word positions and mastered when 100% of children could correctly pronounce the target phoneme in all word positions. The results revealed that by the age of 1.6–2.0 years, the 6 long vowels of the CEA dialect, besides the /h/,/ʔ/, /b/, /w/, /j/, /m/, and /n/ were mastered. /t/ and /d/ sounds were mastered by the age of 2.6 years followed by /l/ sound by the age of 3.0 years. Then, /ħ/, /ʕ/ sounds were mastered followed by /k/, and /g/ at the age of 3.0 and 3.6 years, respectively. At the age of 5.0 years, /f/ sound was mastered, then /x / and /ʃ/ sounds were mastered by the age of 4.6 years, followed by /s/, /sˁ/, /tˁ/, /dˁ/. By the age of 5.6 and 6.0 years, /ɣ/, /r/, and /z/ were mastered. The /q/, /θ/, /ð/, and /ðˁ/ sounds were mastered by the age of 6.0–6.6 years. This study revealed that fricative sounds developed before the stop sounds and front stops before the back stops, and emphatic Arabic sounds were the last to develop at the school age (> 5 years). Conclusions This study presented a chart of the development of the Arabic phonemes of the CEA to be used as a guide to decide upon the correct trimming to start articulatory therapy for children with articulation and/or phonological disorders.

Phonological Knowledge in 5-year-old Bilingual Turkish Qashqai-Persian Children and Fars Monolingual Children

Background & Objectives: Phonological awareness is a part of metalinguistic knowledge that is significantly associated with a wide range of language skills and processes, including literacy, and reading and writing skills. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the phonological awareness skills in bilingual five years old Qashqai- Persian children with monolingual Persian speaking children. Methods: 15 bilingual and 15 monolingual children (10 girls and 5 boys) were selected from kindergartens in Firouzabad, Fars, in February and early March 2020 and evaluated by Auditory Test of Phonological Awareness Skills (ASHA-5) for 5-6 years old Persian speaking children. Results: The results implied that the mean total score (P=0.733), as well as the mean score of each component of phonological awareness skills, including syllable awareness (P=0.328), rhyme awareness (P=0.625), and phonemic awareness (P=0.946) in monolingual 5-year-old children, were higher than the Qashqai-Persian bilingual group, but the differences were not significant (P≥0.05). Conclusion: The findings of the present study demonstrated that phonological awareness skills in the Persian language are higher in monolingual children than in Qashqai-Persian bilingual children, but the differences were not significant. Therefore, paying more attention and increasing knowledge about this aspect of language in bilingual children can be more effective in planning for education, evaluation, and treatment of phonological disorders in this group of children, especially in pre-school ages.

ANALISIS GANGGUAN FONOLOGI DAN VARIASI PELAFALAN FONEM /R/ PADA PENDERITA CADEL

ABSTRAK: Fonologi sebagai kajian bunyi mentanskripsikan bunyi secara detail secara fonetik dari yang dihasilkan artikulator pembicara. Penelitian sebelumnya berkaitan dengan cadel cenderung memulul rata karena hanya menggunakan transkripsi ortografis dan fonemis namun tidak sampai melakukan transkripsi fonetik. Untuk penyebab dari cadel itu sendiri sudah banyak dibahas oleh peneliti lain sehingga penulis hanya melihat tanpa meneliti lebih dalam penyebab dari cadel. Gangguan cadel yang dialami oleh Aden Eka Pradana dan Ilham Maulana Irsyad yang akan dilihat perbedaan dan variasi pengucapan fonem /r/ yang mereka ucapkan untuk membedakan pendapat umum tentang cadel yang hanya merubah fonem /r/ menjadi /l/. Penelitian ini megunakan metode kualitatif dengan pendekatan studi kasus dengan proses pencarian data menggunakan wawancara terbuka untuk mendalami kasus cadel dan wawancara tertutup utuk menguji pengucapan fonem /r/ dengan posisinya dalam kata. Data tersebut kemudian diolah menggunakan teknik Miles dan Huberman. Hasil penelitian menunjukan posisi /r/ dan konsisi individu membedakan pelafalan /r/ sehingga pada tes menggunakan fonem konsonan partisipan pertama menimbukan bunyi aspirasi dan partisipan kedua menimbulkan retopleks. Tes kedua dengan menggunakan kluster kembali memiliki perbedaan dimana partisipan pertama menyebutkan dengan sempurna sementara partisipan kedua masih memiliki gangguan yaitu lateral release. Hal ini membuktikan bahwa posisi dan jenis fonem /r/ mempengaruhi pengucapan pada penderita cadel.KATA KUNCI: cadel; fonologi; gangguan fonologi; trill apikoalveolar;�ANALYSIS OF PHONOLOGICAL DISORDERS AND VARIATIONS OF FONEM /R/ IN CADEL PATIENTS�ABSTRACT: Phonology as the study of sound describes sounds in phonetic detail from the speaker articulator. Previous research related to slurred tended to flatten because it only used orthographic and phonemic transcription but did not make phonetic transcription. For the cause of lisp itself has been widely discussed by other researchers so that the authors only look without examining deeper the causes of lisp. Slurred disorder experienced by Aden Eka Pradana and Ilham Maulana Irshad that will be seen differences and variations in pronunciation of the phonemes /r/ they say to distinguish general opinions about lisp which only changes the phoneme /r/ to /l/. This study uses a qualitative method with a case study approach with the process of finding data using open interviews to explore slurred cases and closed interviews to test phoneme /r/ pronunciation with its position in words. The data is then processed using Miles and Huberman techniques. The results showed that the position /r/ and individual conditions differentiate pronunciation /r/ so that in the test using the consonant phoneme the first participant raises the sound of aspiration and the second participant gives rise to retoplex. The second test using the cluster again has a difference where the first participant mentions perfectly while the second participant still has the disorder namely lateral release. This proves that the position and type of phoneme /r/ affect pronunciation in slurred sufferers.KEYWORDS: apicoalveolar trill; cadel; phonology; phonological disorders;

Developing a test battery for diagnosis of childhood apraxia of speech in Arabic speakers

Background Childhood apraxia of speech (CAS) is a speech sound disorder in which the precision and consistency of movements underlying speech are impaired in absence of neuromuscular deficits. It is important to differentiate between language disorders and CAS to avoid misdiagnosis. The objective of this study was to develop a test battery for CAS in order to identify its possible presence in Arabic-speaking children, thus allowing the planning of appropriate therapy programs. The constructed test battery for CAS was administered to 70 monolingual Arabic-speaking Egyptian children including 10 children with suspected CAS, 20 children with phonological disorders, and 40 typically developing children. Participants’ responses were statistically analyzed to assess the validity and reliability, and to evaluate sensitivity and specificity of the test battery. Results Statistically significant differences were found between the three groups as regard all subtotal and total scores of CAS test battery with good validity and reliability of the test. Conclusions The constructed test battery for diagnosis of CAS is a reliable, valid, and sensitive tool that can be used to detect the presence of CAS in Arabic-speaking children and differentiate between it and phonological disorders.

Phonological Characteristics of Korean-Speaking Children With Phonological Disorders: Preliminary Results

This study investigates phonological characteristics of Korean monolingual children with phonological disorders (PD), using data from 13 children aged 3.6 to 5.9, and compares the analyses of single-word productions (SW) to those of conversational speech (CS). Phonological analyses include overall percentage of consonants correct (PCC), individual phoneme accuracy, and phonological error patterns. Results indicate that children with PD have persistent difficulty with affricates, fricatives, and the liquid /l/. Overall consonant accuracy tends to be greater in CS than SW. Phonological errors that may be explained by language-specific phonological and phonetic properties of Korean are noted.

SUNDANESE PHONOLOGICAL INTERFERENCE INTO ARABIC LANGUAGE IN KETAPANG SOCIETY

Ketapang is a village in Limau sub-district, Tanggamus district, Lampung province, Indonesia, inhabited by Sundanese speakers. This condition contributes to the variation of Arabic pronunciation, causing irregularities or difficulties known as disturbances. Linguistic phenomenon as a form of language development, something important happens in Arabic. This research was to study phonological interference forms in Sundanese. This research used a qualitative descriptive method with data collection methods through interviews, observations and hearing that comes to the speech of the Ketapang community. The results showed several changes in the phonological change phenomenon, namely phoneme changes and word changes. This study contributes to the knowledge of language development that occurs from phonological disorders in Sundanese to Arabic, thus providing a great deal of knowledge about Arabic linguistic studies.