Petroleum Hydrocarbon Quarterly Boiling Range Distribution of Iraqi Crude Oil by Simulated Distillation Method

This study includes analysis of different crude oil stock for various field Iraqi oil by gas chromatography instrument, using simulated distillation technique for determining the initial and final boiling point distribution and specified compound distillation information (normal paraffins) (Recovery W/W) for (nC5 – nC44), ASTM-D5307 becomes the analytical method. This method need tow samples; the first one spiked with internal standard and the second without internal standard. This analysis for quantitative and qualitative oil characterization which is often useful for evaluating the range of hydrocarbons in crude oil using Simulated Distillation. The study was performed using: Quarterly analysis of SIMDIS GC Distillation for three field (East Baghdad, Badra, Amara) Comparison of analyzes of SIMDIS GC Distillation with Different API (light, intermediate, heavy) with Initial boiling point (IBP). Finding experimental relationship between API and Initial boiling point (IBP): The result of this study shows that the boiling point increase as the number of carbon is increase, the values of n-Pentane (nC5) to n- Tetratetracontane (nC44) (w/w) changes from winter and summer (difference in temperatures), Positive correlation between C6 and C5 with API, where their percentages increase with increasing API for crude oil and C6 and C5 are lower in summer than in winter due to the evaporation of light components of the samples in summer. Initial boiling point increase as the API is decrease that mean in crude oil have heavy component increases and light component decrease (inverse relationship).

Water-Based Nanofluid-Alternating-CO2 Injection for Enhancing Heavy Oil Recovery: Underlying Mechanisms that Influence its Efficiency

The efficiency of CO2 water-alternating-gas (WAG) flooding is highly limited in low-permeability heavy oil reservoirs due to the viscosifying action of W/O emulsification and high mobility contrast between oil and CO2. Here we propose a new enhanced oil recovery (EOR) process which involves water-based nanofluid-alternating-CO2 (NWAG) injection, and investigate the synergistic effect of nanofluid and CO2 for enhancing heavy oil recovery. Firstly, the oil-nanofluid and oil-water emulsions were prepared, and the bulk rheology and interfacial properties of emulsion fluid were tested. Then, core flooding tests were conducted to examine the NWAG flooding efficiency and its underlying mechanisms. The results showed that the bulk viscosity and viscoelasticity of oil-nanofluid emulsion reported much lower than those of oil-water emulsion, and nanofluid presented a positive contribution to the phase inversion from W/O to O/W emulsification. Compared with oil-water emulsion, the interfacial storage modulus of oil-nanofluid emulsion was obviously increased, which confirmed that more of crude oil heavy components with surface activity (e.g., resin and asphaltene) were adsorbed on interfacial film with the addition of silica nanoparticles (NPs). However, the interfacial viscosity of oil-nanofluid emulsion was much lower than that of oil-water emulsion, showing the irregularity of interfacial adsorption. This implied that the self-assembly structure of crude oil heavy component of the oil-water interface was destroyed due to the surface activity of silica NPs. During the core flooding experiments, NWAG injection could reduce the displacement pressure by 57.14% and increase oil recovery by 23.31% compared to WAG injection. By comparing produced-oil components after WAG and NWAG injection, we found that more of crude oil light components were extracted by CO2 during NWAG flooding, showing that the interaction between CO2 and crude oil was improved after oil-nanofluid emulsification. These findings clearly indicated two main EOR mechanisms of NWAG injection. One was the phase inversion during the nanofluid flooding process. The addition of silica NPs promoted phase-inversion emulsification and thus improved the displacement efficiency. The other was the enhanced interaction between CO2 and crude oil after oil-nanofluid emulsification. Because of the enhanced adsorption of crude oil heavy component on the oil-water interface, the proportion of light hydrocarbon increased in the bulk phase, and so the interaction between CO2 and oil phase was improved. This work could provide a new insight into the high-efficiency exploitation of low-permeability heavy oil reservoirs.

Analytical solution to the problem of diffusion of the light component of the binary gas mixture in a plane channel

Within the framework of the kinetic approach, an analytical solution to the problem of diffusion of the light component of a binary mixture in a flat channel with infinite parallel walls is constructed. It is assumed that the mass of light component molecules and their concentration is much less than the mass of molecules and the concentration of heavy components. The flow rate of the heavy component is assumed to be zero. The change in the state of a light gas component is described on the basis of the BGK (Bhatnagar, Gross, Kruk) model of the Boltzmann kinetic equation. The diffuse reflection model is used as a boundary condition on the channel walls. The mass velocity profile of the light gas component is constructed. The flow rate of the light gas component per unit channel width is calculated. A comparison with similar results presented in open sources was done.

STUDY OF CONVECTIVE FLOWS IN THREE-COMPONENT GAS MIXTURES BY THE METHOD OF NUMERICAL SIMULATION

The characteristics of convective flows arising in three-component gas mixtures are investigated by the method of numerical simulation. The time variation of the isoconcentration lines of the heavy component of the mixture and the average velocity are considered as characteristics of convective flows. To calculate the characteristics of convective flows arising in a vertical cylindrical channel, we used a numerical model based on the splitting scheme according to physical parameters. It was shown that in three-component gas mixtures, where special diffusion regimes are manifested, non-monotonic distributions of component concentrations and velocities are possible. The time of loss of stability of mechanical equilibrium and the time of developed convective flows are determined.

DESIGN PROCESS OF DME STORAGE SYSTEM AS ASSEMBLY PARTS OR MAINTENANCE SPARE PARTS INVENTORY IN OFFSHORE OIL DRILLING PIPING SYSTEM

Discharge Manifold Equipment (DME) is an output pipe from a pump that bears an essential role in a piping system in offshore oil drilling, so it is a must to assure good bears condition whenever used. It is not an easy thing because DME is a significant and heavy component. Also, unfavourable conditions of offshore climate can accelerate its corrosion. Storage with the modular rack uses an offshore container certified DNV 2.7-1 / EN 12079 will be designed to fulfil those needs. The storage has an important role as an element in inventory, both the storage system for assembly parts or maintenance spare parts. This storage will be design using 4 (four) phases from VDI 2221 methods, namely; task clarification, conceptual design, embodiment design, and detailed design. Hydraulic power will be added to the system to support the piston movement so that the storage rack can be moved automatically by the hydraulic system. This storage has given the best solution for a systematic storing DME in the piping system of offshore oil drilling.

ISOCONCENTRATION DISTRIBUTIONS OF COMPONENTS IN TERNARY GAS MIXTURES IN THE PRESENCE OF SPECIAL DIFFUSION MIXING MODES

The features of the formation of convective flows arising in three-component gas mixtures in the presence of special diffusion mixing regimes are investigated. The time variation of the isoconcentration lines of the heavy component of the mixture and the average kinetic energy are consideredas characteristics of convective flows. A numerical model based on the splitting scheme in physical parameters is used to calculate the characteristics of convective flows arising in a vertical cylindrical channel. It is shown that nonmonotonic distributions of component concentrations and kinetic energy can occur in ternary gas mixtures, where special diffusion regimes are manifested. The time of stability loss of the mechanical equilibrium of the mixture and the time of developed convective flows are determined.

A study on the micromechanical behavior of Ti-55531 titanium alloy with lamellar microstructure by in-situ neutron diffraction

High strength titanium alloys are promising materials for heavy component parts in the aviation industry. The limited combination of strength and ductility requires an understanding of deformation and stress partitioning between constituent phases. The micromechanical behaviors of Ti-55531 titanium alloy with lamellar microstructure are investigated by in-situ neutron diffraction. The phase strain and lattice strain evolution of α and β phase at loading direction and transverse direction are determined. The results show that the micromechanical behaviors of oriented grains of α and β phase are obviously different. Furthermore, the stress partitioning between α and β phase during the deformation is clearly illustrated. It is found that the β matrix is subjected to higher stress than α precipitates. In addition, the intergranular and interphase microstress is quantitatively characterized. It is found that the intergranular microstress in the β phase grains is predominant among these microstresses. Combining the in-situ neutron diffraction with microstructure characterization, the present work provides a guide for further microstructure optimization.