Synthesis of Conjugated Dienes in Natural Compounds

This review describes the various synthetic methods commonly used to obtain molecules possessing conjugated dienes. We focus on methods involving cross-coupling reactions using various metals such as nickel, palladium, ruthenium, cobalt, cobalt/zinc, manganese, zirconium, or iron, mainly through examples that aimed to access natural molecules or their analogues. Among the natural molecules covered in this review, we discuss the total synthesis of a phytohormone, Acid Abscisic (ABA), carried out by our team involving the development of a conjugated diene chain.

Peculiarities of changes in a functional condition of pro-oxidant and antioxidant systems in guinea pigs’ lungs in experimental allergic alveolitis under the conditions of immobilization stress

We have analyzed the results of investigation of alterations in indices of pro-oxidant (conjugated diene and malondialdehyde) and antioxidant (superoxide dismutase, ceruloplasmin, catalase) systems in guinea pigs’ lungs in experimental allergic alveolitis in the dynamics of EAA development under the conditions of immobilization stress. The investigation was conducted on 62 female guinea pigs weighing 180-220 g, divided into 4 groups: I – intact guinea pigs (n=20), II – guinea pigs (n=14) with EAA under the conditions of IS (1st day); III – guinea pigs (n=14) with EAA under the conditions of IS (2nd day); IV – guinea pigs (n=14) with EAA under the conditions of IS (64th day). The results of experimental investigation showed that a significant increase in conjugated diene level in animals’ lungs was observed at all stages of EAA development under the conditions of immobilization stress as compared with control group, indicating activation of this marker. The same changes occurred with MDA content, indicating excessive accumulation of this lipid peroxidation product in lung tissue. Intensive synthesis of free radical compounds caused activation of some components of enzymatic system of antioxidant defense. In particular, a moderate decrease in superoxide dismutase activity in lung tissue is observed in response to increased level of LOPs at early stages of EAA and immobilization stress development as compared with the indices in intact animals. The same situation is observed with catalase and ceruloplasmin activity in the lungs of guinea pigs with modeled AA and IS.

Evaluation of Chemical Properties of Cold Pressed Ficus Carica Seed Oil

Free fatty acid, peroxide value , conjugated diene and triene, chlorophyll, β-carotene, fatty acid composition, triglyceride, tocol (tocopherol and tocotrienol) compositions, sterol, wax and total polymeric compound amounts of cold pressed Ficus carica seed oil were evaluated by using chromatographic and spectrometric methods in this study. While the % free fatty acid of cold pressed ficus carica seed oil was 0.76±0.06, the peroxide value was found as 1.06 ± 0.09 meqO2/kg. It also had low content of conjugated diene and triene amounts, chlorophyll, wax and total polymeric compounds. The obtained results demonstrated that cold pressed ficus carica seed oil had rich linolenic and linoleic acid, and contained high amounts of Linoleic- Linolenic- Linolenic, Linolenic- Linolenic- Linolenic, Olenic- Linoleic– Linolenictriglycerides. Cold pressed ficus carica had a high content of β-carotene (4114.9 ppm), total tocol (1006 ppm) and sterol (7250.83 ppm). The obtained results showed that ficus carica seed oil is a product with superior properties due to its high nutritional value and beneficial phytochemicals. Therefore this oil can be an alternative to vegetable oils and used as a medical product.

Condition of pro-oxidant and antioxidant systems in guinea pigs’ lungs under the condition of immobilization stress

We have investigated the results of alterations in indices of pro-oxidant (conjugated diene and malondialdehyde) and antioxidant (superoxide dismutase, ceruloplasmin, catalase) systems in guinea pigs’ lungs under the conditions of immobilization stress. The experiment was conducted on 40 female guinea pigs weighing 0.18-0.20 kg. The animals were divided into 4 groups, each contained 10 guinea pigs: I – intact guinea pigs (control), II–guinea pigs with model of IS on1st day of experiment;Ш–animals on 2nd day of experiment;IV- group of animals on 34th day of experimental model of IS. The results of our experimental work showed a significant accumulation of lipid peroxidation products in the lung`s tissure in different periods (on 1st, 2nd and 34th days) of immobilization stress. The state of antioxidant defence was characterized by moderate decrease of inzymes activity (superoxide dismutase, catalase and ceruloplasmin). disorders of balance between pro-oxidant and antioxidant systems couse oxidative stress development.

Synthesis of halogenated bicyclic molecules involving Prins cyclization from aldehydes and non-conjugated diene alcohol

The reactions of aldehydes and a non-conjugated alcohol, (E)-octa-3,7-dien-1-ol, in the presence of halogen-containing reagents afforded the corresponding halogenated bicyclic molecules in good yields. The optimization, scope and limitations of the reactions as well as scale-up reactions have been examined. Quantum chemical calculations helped clarify the microscopic mechanism of a key reaction process, the introduction of a Cl atom to a bicyclic carbocation.

Black Chokeberry Fruit Polyphenols: A Valuable Addition to Reduce Lipid Oxidation of Muffins Containing Xylitol

The study aimed at assessing effects of black chokeberry polyphenol extract (ChPE) added (0.025–0.075%) to xylitol-containing muffins to reduce lipid oxidation, especially in preventing degradation of hydroperoxides throughout the storage period. Among polyphenolic compounds (3092 mg/100 g in total) in ChPE, polymeric procyanidins were the most abundant (1564 mg/100 g). ChPE addition resulted in a significantly increased capacity of scavenging free radicals and markedly inhibited hydroperoxides decomposition, as reflected by low anisidine values (AnV: 3.25–7.52) throughout the storage. On the other hand, sucrose-containing muffins had increased amounts of primary lipid oxidation products and differed significantly from other samples in conjugated diene hydroperoxides (CD values), which was in accordance with the decrease of C18:2 9c12c in those muffins after storage. In addition, sucrose-containing muffins were found to be those with the highest level of contamination with toxic carbonyl lipid oxidation products. Throughout the storage, no yeast or moulds contamination were found in higher enriched muffins. The incorporation of polyphenols to xylitol-containing muffins resulted in preventing decomposition of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), and in reducing the content of some toxic aldehydes. ChPE could be regarded as a possible solution to xylitol-containing muffins to extend their shelf life. The results support the use of xylitol in muffin manufacture as being favourable in terms of suitability for diabetics.

Evaluation of the effectiveness of cereal bran extract for sunflower oil stability during frying

This study evaluated the effectiveness of black rice, millet and barley bran extracts against oxidative degradation of sunflower oil in frying, by determining the total antioxidant activity, total phenolic content, free fatty acid content, conjugated diene content and total polar content. It was reported that the total phenolic content rice bran was approximately three times higher than that of the millet bran extracts and five times higher than the results for barley bran extracts. The total antioxidant activity results for barley bran and rice bran extract (40.95 ± 0.07and 40.87 ± 0.04 Trolox equivalent μmol/g of bran, respectively) were two times higher than that of millet bran extract (17.16 ± 0.34 Trolox equivalent μmol/g of bran). The results of the effectiveness of the cereal bran extracts were significantly different (p<0.05). The free fatty acid content of the rice bran and propyl gallate enriched oil samples showed better results (2.02 ± 0.01% and 1.62 ± 0.00%) than millet, barley and control enriched oil samples (3.43 ±0.01%, 3.13±0.01% and 6.13 ± 0.01% respectively). In the same vein, conjugated diene content results from all the enriched oil samples indicated that the rice bran enriched oil sample had the least amount of secondary oxidized products compared to the other enriched oil samples. It can be concluded that rice bran extract can be used for frying without discarding or replenishing the oil.