On The Etymology Of Biblical Hebrew : A Contribution to the ‘Sin Offering’ vs. ‘Purification Offering’ Debate*

This article evaluates Jacob Milgrom's widely-cited argument that the Biblical Hebrew offering term , by virtue of its derivation from a *qattalt noun pattern with gemination of the second root consonant, is intrinsically connected in its semantics to the Piel of (‘to purify, purge’) — an argument often used to support a rendering of as ‘purification offering’ (instead of the traditional ‘sin offering’). This argument is untenable, not only because it is based on an outmoded approach to the Semitic noun system, but also because it fails to explain how came simultaneously to denote ‘sin’ in Biblical Hebrew. Instead, the most plausible account of the term sees the ‘sin’ meaning as primary, with the ‘offering’ usage derived via metonymy, i.e., ‘an offering that deals with ’. Also, given the explanations of the *qattal(a)t pattern in the comparative Semitic literature, (‘sin’) is best understood as an abstract substantive derived from, or viewed as a counterpart to, the *qattal noun (‘sinful’, ‘[habitual] sinner’), with perhaps a secondary association with malady — another common semantic connotation of Biblical Hebrew *qattalt.

The Implementation of Leverage Secondary Association through Stakeholder Approach in Reinforcing Brand Knowledge: The Case Study of Wanderlust, Local Tourism Agent, Indonesia

There are three main objectives of this study namely 1) analyzing the application of secondary association leverage in strengthening the Wanderlust company brand products, 2) analyzing the implementation of stakeholder approaches in supporting brand strengthening and the sustainability of Wanderlust, and 3) determining the extent to which the application of secondary association leverage, whose main orientation is in strengthening the brand and the sustainability of the company, basically directly or indirectly reinforces the cultural products of one region. This study uses a qualitative approach as a method for data retrieval. Case study research raised in this regard relates to the existence of tour and travel companies under the name of Wanderlust in strengthening the company's brand awareness. The interview approach with the owner of Wanderlust is the most appropriate method in its efforts to explore the processes carried out by Wanderlust in strengthening branding using the Leverage Secondary Association approach. Based on the results of empirical research that has been done it can be concluded that the leverage secondary association in the Wanderlust company has shown strength in the company. This can be seen from the four elements that support it, namely people, places, things, and other brands. These four elements have been optimally carried out by Wanderlust to support the sustainability of his company in order to create equity in his compan

Production of highly oxygenated organic molecules (HOMs) from trace contaminants during isoprene oxidation

During nucleation studies from pure isoprene oxidation in the CLOUD chamber at CERN we observed unexpected ion signals at m/z = 137.133 (C10H17+) and m/z = 81.070 (C6H9+) with the recently developed proton transfer reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometer (PTR3‑TOF) instrument. The mass-to-charge ratios of these ion signals typically correspond to protonated monoterpenes and their main fragment. We identified two origins of these signals: First secondary association reactions of protonated isoprene with isoprene within the PTR3 reaction chamber and secondly [4+2] cycloaddition (Diels-Alder) of isoprene inside the gas bottle which presumably forms the favoured monoterpenes limonene and sylvestrene, as known from literature. Under our PTR3 conditions used in 2016 an amount (relative to isoprene) of 2 % is formed within the PTR3 reaction chamber and 1 % is already present in the gas bottle. The presence of unwanted cycloaddition products in the CLOUD chamber impacts the nucleation studies by creating ozonolysis products as corresponding monoterpenes, and is responsible for the majority of the observed highly oxygenated organic molecules (HOMs). In order to study NPF from pure isoprene oxidation under atmospheric relevant conditions, it is important to improve and assure the quality and purity of the precursor isoprene. This was successfully achieved by cryogenically trapping lower volatility compounds such as monoterpenes before isoprene was introduced into the CLOUD chamber.

Secondary associations in ‘Himalayan pink’ (Dianthus angulatus Royle ex Benth., Caryophyllaceae) from cold deserts of Lahaul-Spiti

In current investigation we studied the male meiosis and details of secondary chromosomal associations or pairing recorded for the first time in Dianthus angulatus Royle ex Benth., from the cold deserts of Lahaul-Spiti (Himachal Pradesh, India). All the presently studied individuals of the species existed at 2x level (x = 15). The present chromosome count of n = 15 in the species is in conformity with the previous counts from India and outside of India. Secondary associations are defined as the affinity of bivalents to be positioned in pairs having gentle connections. The secondary chromosomal associations in the species existed among bivalents/chromosomes were observed in the meiocytes at metaphase-I and continued till the metaphase-II. The bivalents positioned side by side and end to end to form secondary pairing. The difference in the number of bivalents/chromosomes involved in the secondary associations has also been witnessed. A secondary association between bivalents is considered to be of immense importance as it is being taken as a gauge of ploidy in plants. The incidence of such secondary associations of bivalents/chromosomes in D. angulatus which existed at 2x level indicated the secondary polyploid nature of the species.

Influences of the spokes-character on brand equity antecedents

Purpose – To draw attention to the importance of the spokes-character to marketing communications and a company's branding strategy, this exploratory study attempts to suggest a scale for measuring the spokes-character perception and to explore the relationships among the spokes-character perception and brand equity antecedents, i.e. brand awareness, brand association, perceived quality and brand loyalty, in the context of a retail brand. The purpose of this paper is to encourage the discussion about spokes-characters’ functions in marketing and branding, particularly in the Asian market. Design/methodology/approach – Data were collected through a survey among university students in Taiwan. The survey questionnaire was based on the literature on spokes-characters and on the available scales of consumer-based brand equity. Data were analyzed by using structural equation modeling. Findings – The results in this study show that the spokes-character perception is properly reflected by likability, relevance and expertise and likability is the most salient attribute. The spokes-character perception influences brand awareness/association and perceived quality, which in turn influence brand loyalty. Research limitations/implications – This study suggests that likability, relevance and expertise are proper constructs connoting the spokes-character perception and verifies the influence of the spokes-character, as a source of secondary association, on brand equity antecedents, i.e. brand awareness/association, perceived quality and brand loyalty. This study also finds that the spokes-character serves as a cue of perceived quality. Practical implications – The suggested scale provides marketers with an instrument for measuring consumers’ perception of a potential spokes-character. Besides, when the advertiser or the marketer designs a spokes-character, the character should not only be likable, but also be relevant and show expertise relating to the endorsed brand. Originality/value – This study hopes to encourage more discussions about the utilization of the spokes-character in the Asian market because the discussion about how the spokes-character works in this market is still scant. This study also provides empirical evidence for the influence of a secondary association, i.e. the spokes-character, on brand equity antecedents.