EFFECT OF SOME AGRO-INDUSTRIAL RESIDUES ON MYCELIAL GROWTH AND PRODUCTION OF LIGNOCELLULOLYTIC ENZYMES BY A FUNGUS NATIVE TO ALGERIAN FOREST

Valorization of agricultural and agro-food by-products by fermentation constitutes a very interesting biotechnological approach for the production of lignocellulolytic enzymes. This work was carried out to reveal the effect of some lignocellulosic materials on the mycelial growth and lignocellulolytic enzymes production by Bjerkandera adusta BRFM 1916. The strain showed ABTS- and guaiacol-oxidation activities. The optimal temperature for mycelial growth was 28 °C. The maximum growth rate of this fungus was achieved on wheat bran (2.08 ± 0.05 cm day-1), followed by barley bran, with a significant reduction of 6.73%. Several agricultural lignocellulosic residues were used as substrates for enzymes production. All the data indicated differential utilization of the various materials by the fungus. The selected fungus produced good CMCase (690 ± 0.066 UL-1) and β-Glu (253 UL-1) activities on wheat bran and orange peels, respectively. A high level of MnP activity (449.21 ± 3.44 UL-1) was obtained on wheat bran.

Enhanced Efficiency of the Removal of Cytostatic Anthracycline Drugs Using Immobilized Mycelium of Bjerkandera adusta CCBAS 930

The aim of this study was to evaluate the bioremoval of anthracycline antibiotics (daunomycin-DNR, doxorubicin–DOX, and mitoxantrone-MTX) by immobilized mycelium of B. adusta CCBAS 930. The activity of oxidoreductases: versatile peroxidases (VP), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glucose oxidase (GOX), and the levels of phenolic compounds (PhC) and free radicals (SOR) were determined during the biotransformation of anthracyclines by B. adusta strain CCBAS 930. Moreover, the phytotoxicity (Lepidium sativum L.), biotoxicity (MARA assay), and genotoxicity of anthracyclines were evaluated after biological treatment. After 120 h, more than 90% of anthracyclines were removed by the immobilized mycelium of B. adusta CCBAS 930. The effective biotransformation of anthracyclines was correlated with detoxification and reduced genotoxicity.

Functional Characterization of Melanin Decolorizing Extracellular Peroxidase of Bjerkandera adusta

Melanin pigmentation in the human skin results from complicated cellular mechanisms that remain to be entirely understood. Uneven melanin pigmentation has been counteracted by inhibiting synthesis or transfer of melanin in the skin. Recently, an enzymatic approach has been proposed, wherein the melanin in the skin is decolorized using lignin peroxidase. However, not many enzymes are available for decolorizing melanin; the most studied one is lignin peroxidase derived from a lignin degrading fungus, Phanerochaete chrysosporium. Our current study reveals that versatile peroxidase from Bjerkandera adusta can decolorize synthetic melanin. Melanin decolorization was found to be dependent on veratryl alcohol and hydrogen peroxide, but not on Mn2+. The degree of decolorization reached over 40% in 10 min at 37 °C and a pH of 4.5. Optimized storage conditions were slightly different from those for the reaction; crude enzyme preparation was the most stable at 25 °C at pH 5.5. Since the enzyme rapidly lost its activity at 50 °C, stabilizers were screened. As a result, glycerol, a major component in several cosmetic formulations, was found to be a promising excipient. Our results suggest that B. adusta versatile peroxidase can be considered for future cosmetic applications aimed at melanin decolorization.

Molecular identification and antimicrobial activities of some wild Egyptian mushrooms: Bjerkandera adusta as a promising source of bioactive antimicrobial phenolic compounds

Background The discovery of potential, new cost-effective drug resources in the form of bioactive compounds from mushrooms is one way to control the resistant pathogens. In the present research, the fruiting bodies of five wild mushrooms were collected from Egypt and identified using internal transcribed spacer region (ITS) of the rRNA encoding gene and their phylogenetic relationships, antimicrobial activities, and biochemical and phenolic compounds were evaluated. Results The sequences revealed identity to Bjerkandera adusta, Cyclocybe cylindracea, Agrocybe aegerita, Chlorophyllum molybdites, and Lentinus squarrosulus in which Cyclocybe cylindracea and Agrocybe aegerita were closely related, while Chlorophyllum molybdites was far distant. Cyclocybe cylindracea and Agrocybe aegerita showed 100% similarity based on the sequenced ITS-rDNA fragment and dissimilar antimicrobial activities and chemical composition were detected. Bjerkandera adusta and Cyclocybe cylindracea showed strong antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Micrococcus luteus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Candida albicans. This activity could be attributed to the detected phenolic and related compounds’ contents. Conclusion Our finding provides a quick and robust implement for mushroom identification that would facilitate mushroom domestication and characterization for human benefit.

New records of wood inhabiting fungal species from Kondapalli reserved forest of Central Eastern Ghats, India

Wood inhabiting fungi that grow specifically on leaf litter, wood debris, humus rich soil of forest helps in biodegradation and increase soil fertility. The fruiting bodies of fungi were collected from partially dead forest trees, fallen wooden logs, leaf litter and decomposing humus rich soil of Kondapalli forest area, Central Eastern Ghats of India. Detailed macroscopic and microscopic study of collected fungal samples revealed the occurrence of wood inhabiting fungi belonging to 7 genera and 9 species; i.e. Geastrum triplex Jungh., Marasmius siccus (Schweinitz) Fries, M. fulvoferrugineus Gilliam, M. oreades (Bolt.: Fries) Fries Epicr. Lactarius piperatus (L.) Pers., Flammulina velutipes (Curtis) Singer, Artomyces microsporus (Qiu X. Wu & R. H. Petersen) Lickey, Hymenochaetopsis rigidula (Berk. & M. A. Curtis) S. H. He & Jiao Yang and Bjerkandera adusta (Willd: Fr.) Karst. For the first time, A. microsporus (Qiu X. Wu & R. H. Petersen) Lickey and H. rigidula (Berk. & M. A. Curtis) S. H. He & Jiao Yang., were reported from India. M. fulvoferrugineus Gilliam was reported second time from India. The wood inhabiting fungi were new records to Kondapalli forest area, Central Eastern Ghats of India.

The agricultural waste utilization for exploration of the extracellular enzyme potential of three novel white-rot Basidiomycetes: Fomes fomentarius TMF2, Schizophyllum commune TMF3 and Bjerkandera adusta TMF1

Purpose This study aimed in exploitation of lignocellulosic wastes for the evaluation of the newly isolated white-rot fungal strains enzymatic potential, covered by the circular economy frame.Methods A standard microbiological methods for the isolation of the white-rot fungal mycelia were used, followed by DNA extraction, PCR amplification, and the API ZYM test. The determination of laccase activity was based on the oxidation of guaiacol while the DNS method was used for the hydrolase determination.Results The isolates, belonged to Basidiomycetes, Fomes fomentraius TMF2, Schizophyllum commune TMF3, and Bjerkandera adusta TMF1, could synthesize extracellular laccase and various hydrolase while growing on lignocellulosic waste materials. More specifically, for the first time, F. fomentarius TMF2 synthesized laccase using sunflower meal as a substrate. This substrate could stimulate B. adusta TMF1 for Carboxymethyl cellulase and Avicelase production. The strain TMF1 was able to produce amylase during its growth on brewerʼs spent grain, which is up to now the best result reported for this activity of any B. adusta strain. Soybean meal was the most potent substrate for stimulating pectinase production by TMF1 and S. commune TMF3. While growing on brewerʼs spent grain, TMF1 and TMF3 strains produced high levels of xylanase. Spent coffee residues were for the first time tested as a substrate for hydrolase production by selected fungal species.Conclusion The obtained results showed that newly isolates of white-rot fungi can grow on unexploited lignocellulosic waste materials to produce different enzymes as a value-added products suitable for various biotechnological applications.

Highlights on the Golden Mushroom Cantharellus cibarius and unique Shaggy ink cap Mushroom Coprinus comatus and Smoky Bracket Mushroom Bjerkandera adusta Ecology and Biological Activities

Mushrooms are generous source of nutritional and medicinal compounds, and medicinal uses of the mushrooms still need to be worked out for their biological activities. This review aims to put golden mushroom Cantharellus and shaggy ink cap mushroom Coprinus and smoky bracket mushroom Bjerkandera under light spot through describing their morphology and ecology especially of the most common species, Cantharellus cibarius; Coprinus comatus and Bjerkandera adusta. Moreover discussing important secondary metabolites and biological activities exerted by ever one. Cantharellus cibarius; Coprinus comatus and Bjerkandera adusta are able to produce many novel and potent secondary metabolites that exerted different bioactivities especially as antimicrobial, antitumor, anti-inflammation activities and others. Further studies and investigations are fortified in order to find more about these interesting mushrooms.