The Systematic Design of Responsibility Analysis by Abstract Interpretation

Given a behavior of interest, automatically determining the corresponding responsible entity (i.e., the root cause) is a task of critical importance in program static analysis. In this article, a novel definition of responsibility based on the abstraction of trace semantics is proposed, which takes into account the cognizance of observer, which, to the best of our knowledge, is a new innovative idea in program analysis. Compared to current dependency and causality analysis methods, the responsibility analysis is demonstrated to be more precise on various examples. However, the concrete trace semantics used in defining responsibility is uncomputable in general, which makes the corresponding concrete responsibility analysis undecidable. To solve this problem, the article proposes a sound framework of abstract responsibility analysis, which allows a balance between cost and precision. Essentially, the abstract analysis builds a trace partitioning automaton by an iteration of over-approximating forward reachability analysis with trace partitioning and under/over-approximating backward impossible failure accessibility analysis, and determines the bounds of potentially responsible entities along paths in the automaton. Unlike the concrete responsibility analysis that identifies exactly a single action as the responsible entity along every concrete trace, the abstract analysis may lose some precision and find multiple actions potentially responsible along each automaton path. However, the soundness is preserved, and every responsible entity in the concrete is guaranteed to be also found responsible in the abstract.

Design framework for polarization-insensitive multifunctional achromatic metalenses

Controlling the wavefront of light, especially on a subwavelength scale, is pivotal in modern optics. Metasurfaces present a unique platform for realizing flat lenses, called metalenses, with thicknesses on the order of the wavelength. Despite substantial effort, however, suppressing the chromatic aberrations over large operational bandwidths of metalenses still remains a challenge. Here, we develop a systematic design method enabling a simultaneous, polarization-insensitive control of the phase and the group delay of a light beam based on libraries of transmission-mode dielectric meta-elements. Mid-infrared achromatic metalenses are designed and theoretically analyzed to have diffraction-limited focal spots with vanishing chromatic aberrations in the operating wavelength range of 6–8.5 μm, while maintaining high focusing efficiencies of 41% on average. The proposed methodology, which can be used as a general design rule for all spectra, also provides a versatile design scheme for ultrashort pulse focusing and achromatic vortex-beam generation (orbital angular momentum), representing a major advance toward practical implementations of functional metalenses.

Pengaruh Pernikahan Dini terhadap Kesehatan Mental dan Fisik: Sistematik Review

Abstrak Latar Belakang: Dalam kehidupan rumah tangga pasti tidak luput dari permasalahan-permasalahan. Salah satu penyebab utama dalam permasalahan rumah tangga adalah belum dewasanya pasangan. Pernikahan dini terjadi disebabkan oleh beberapa faktor. Salah satu faktor yang sering ditemui di masyarakat yaitu karena faktor ekonomi. Faktor ini yang paling sering dijadikan alasan untuk menikahkan anak yang masih di bawah umur dengan seseorang yang dianggap mampu secara ekonomi. Metode: Studi ini menggunakan desain sistematik review dengan mengikuti Panduan Pilihan untuk Ulasan Sytematic Review dan Meta Analyses (PRISMA) dan menggunakan flowchart berdasarkan daftar periksa PRISMA 2009, yaitu dengan menghilangkan artikel yang tidak relevan dengan menggunakan kriteria inklusi, penyaringan, kelayakan, dan pengunduhan akhir artikel yang relevan. Hasil: Pernikahan yang dilakukan di usia muda sering terjadi dikarenakan perjodohan, kehamilan diluar nikah, dan faktor ekonomi. Berbagai macam faktor yang memicu hal tersebut terjadi karena adanya dorongan faktor ekonomi, kehamilan diluar pernikahan, mengalami putus sekolah, dan pengaruh pasangan untuk menikah muda. Pernikahan yang dilakukan di usia muda pun sering kali membuat pasangan mengalami kegagalan dalam meraih kesejahteraan psikologis. Kesimpulan: Berdasarkan penelitian ini, dapat dilihat bahwa dalam pengaturan atas kehidupan anak yang bersifat normatif, seperti menikah diusia dini dapat menimbulkan atau menyebabkan berbagai dampak negatif bagi anak. Kata Kunci: Dampak, Pernikahan muda, Faktor Abstract Background: In the life of the household certainly is not free from problems. One of the main causes of problems in the household is couples who are not yet mature. Early marriage occurs due to several factors. One factor that is often encountered in the community is due to economic factors. This factor is most often used as an excuse to marry an underage child to someone who is considered economically capable. Method: This study uses a systematic design review by following the Choice Guidelines for Sytematic Review and Meta Analyze Review (PRISMA) and using a flowchart based on the 2009 PRISMA checklist, namely by removing irrelevant articles using inclusion, filtering, eligibility, and final download criteria relevant article. Results: Marriage conducted at a young age often occurs due to arranged marriages, extramarital pregnancy, and economic factors. Various types of factors that trigger this occur because of the crush of economic factors, the existence of pregnancy outside of marriage, having dropped out of school, and the influence of couples to marry young. Weddings conducted at a young age often make couples fail to achieve psychological well-being. Conclusion: Based on this research, it can be seen that in regulating the lives of children who are normative, such as marrying at an early age can cause data or cause various negative impacts on children. Keywords: Impact, young marriage, factors

Systematic Design and Circuit Analysis of Lightning Impulse Voltage Generation on Low-Inductance Loads

The well-known circuit for the generation of lightning impulse voltage (LIV) on low-inductance loads was introduced by Glaninger in 1975, and the circuit component selection was proposed by Feser. However, the circuit and the approach for the component selection have some difficulties for which further adjustment is required for obtaining the waveform parameters according to the standard requirement. In this paper, an extended Glaninger’s circuit with an additional series resistor is proposed. Furthermore, a systematic design and circuit analysis of LIV generation for low-inductance loads are developed. With the help of a circuit simulator, the circuit analysis for the component selection is described. The validity of the proposed circuit was confirmed by some experimental results in comparison with the simulated ones. The proposed circuit and component selection provide not only the generation waveform according to the standard requirement but also other promising performances in terms of the wide inductance load range from 400 μH to 4 mH, a voltage efficiency of over 80%, an overshoot voltage of below 5%, an undershoot voltage of below 40%, and a maximum charging capacitance of 10 μF. From the simulated and experimental results, the proposed circuit and component selection approach is very useful for the LIV tests on low-inductance loads instead of using the conventional approach based on trial and error.

Systematic Design Applied in Outdoor Spatiotemporal Lighting

Outdoor lighting design consists of many different objectives, depending on the area that is illuminated. In addition, besides functional lighting, extra messages may be superimposed to a lighting configuration. This adds to the complexity of the lighting design. Furthermore, temporal variations in lighting may be used as an additional tool of expressivity. All the above require some basic training and also some familiarity with expression tools. In this work, a framework is given for seamless communication through lighting, including both spatial and temporal lighting patterns. To this end, two different kinds of time scales are considered, leading to case studies for both seasonal lighting and communication through rapid spatiotemporal differentiations in it. The framework is two-fold, allowing for both diagrammatic and quasi-algebraic elaboration, leading to interesting visual results and providing the first step towards optimization. Different cases of outdoor lighting are considered as case studies, namely façade lighting and glass cases. These are used to illustrate the applicability and the added value of the current framework, that is, the systematization of the lighting procedure taking into account artistic interventions, which can be considered an extension of utilizing semantics.

A Review of Payment for Ecosystem Services (PES) in Agricultural Water: Are PES from the Operation of Agricultural Water Control Structures Ubiquitous?

This paper reviews the consideration of the operation of agricultural water control structures (AWCSs) as sources of bundles of ecosystem services (ESs) and the subsequent design of payment for ecosystem service (PES) programs around these ESs. It is thought that PES schemes for AWCSs can complement irrigation service fees (ISFs) in funding the operation and maintenance of irrigation schemes. Case studies from Japan, the United States of America and Tanzania, representing a variety of socio-economic, geographic and climatic conditions, are discussed. In countries where the PES programs had legal backing, they showed evidence of sustainability and success. The measurement of marginal ESs flows from AWCSs proved to be one of the challenges to PES programs. There is a need to improve the measurement and modelling of hydro-meteorological and water quality parameters to ensure the transparency and success of the programs. In general, there was a realisation that ESs flow from irrigated agriculture, but there was no systematic design of PES programs around these ESs flows. An opportunity is seen to complement ISF through the design of PES programs around ES flows from the operation of AWCSs.