Sensitivity Matrices as Keys to Local Structural System Properties of Large-Scale Nonlinear Systems.

Sensitivities are shown to play a key role in a very efficient algorithm, presented in this paper, to establish three fundamental structural system properties: local structural identifiability, local observability and local strong accessibility. Sensitivities have the advantageous property to be governed by linear dynamics, also if the system itself is nonlinear . By integrating their linear dynamics over a short time period, and by sampling the result, a sensitivity matrix is obtained. If this sensitivity matrix satisfies a rank condition, then the local structural system property under investigation holds. This rank condition will be referred to in this paper as the sensitivity rank condition (SERC). Applying a singular value decomposition (SVD) to the sensitivity matrix not only determines its rank but also pinpoints exactly the system components causing a possible failure to satisfy the local structural system property. The algorithm is very efficient because integration of linear systems over short time-periods and computation of an SVD are computationally cheap. Therefore, it allows for the handling of large-scale systems in the order of seconds, as opposed to conventional algorithms that mostly rely on Lie series expansions and a corresponding Lie algebraic rank condition (LARC). We extensively discuss the (dis)advantages of both algorithms and to which extent their results coincide. A series of examples is presented to illustrate these results.

Sanksi Terhadap Notaris Yang Melakukan Tindak Pidana Menurut Peraturan Perundang-Undangan Di Indonesia

ABSTRAKTujuan penelitian ini adalah: Untuk menganalisis perbuatan yang merupakan tindak pidana yang bisa dilakukan oleh notaris menurut hukum positif saat ini dan untuk menganalisis terhadap notaris yang melakukan tindak pidana menurut perundang-undangan di Indonesia? Penelitian ini adalah dengan pendekatan yuridis-normatif yang bersumber dari pengumpulan data yang diperoleh dari data primer dan data sekunder, kemudian dianalisis dengan metode analisis kualitatif. Teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan adalah studi kepustakaan. Teknik analisis data menggunakan analisis data kualitatif.Hasil temuan peneliti menunjukkan bahwa tindak pidana yang dapat dilakukan oleh notaris adalah pemalsuan, terhadap akta (akta fiktif), keterangan dalam akta, legalisasi, waarmerking, pencocokan fotocopy, dan tanda tangan; Penggelapan, bahwa mengaku sebagai milik sendiri segala sesuatu barang sebagian/seluruhnya yang ada dalam kekuasaan Notaris, dititipkan dengan dasar kepercayaan kerena kewenangan Notaris yang bukan milik/kepunyaan Notaris; Penipuan, bahwa melakukan kebohongan/rangkaian kebohongan/tipu muslihat untuk menguntungkan Notaris secara melawan hukum/tidak sesuai dengan ketentuan. Tidak adanya sanksi pidana dalam UUJN, peraturan yang mengatur mengenai sanksi terhadap Notaris menjadi kurang sempurna, karena tidak adanya sanksi yang tegas dan sanksi yang jelas akan tindakan-tindakan yang dikategorikan tindak pidana khusus yang hanya dapat dilakukan oleh Notaris yaitu Tindak Pidana Notaris (TPN), yang kenyataannya belum ada satupun peraturan yang mengatur mengenai hal tersebut. Sanksi yang tersisa dalam UUJN hanyalah murni sanksi administratif dan sanksi perdata sajaKata Kunci : Sanksi, Notaris dan Tindak Pidana. ABSTRACT The purpose of this study are: To analyze the act which is a criminal act that can be done by notary according to the positive law at this time and to analyze to notary which do crime according to legislation in Indonesia?This research is a juridical-normative approach that comes from collecting data obtained from primary data and secondary data, then analyzed by qualitative analysis method. The data collection technique used is literature study. Data analysis techniques used qualitative data analysis.The findings of the researcher indicate that the criminal act which can be done by a notary is falsification, to deed (fictitious deed), statement in deed, legalization, waarmerking, copying match, and signature; The embezzlement, that claims to be the property of all things in part / entirely existing in the power of a Notary, is entrusted with the basis of trust because of the authority of a Notary who does not belong to a Notary; Fraud, that lie / series of lies / deceptions to benefit Notaries unlawfully / not in accordance with the provisions. In the absence of criminal sanctions in the UUJN, the regulations governing sanctions against Notary become imperfect, due to the absence of strict sanctions and clear sanctions on acts categorized as special crimes that can only be done by Notaries namely the Criminal Act Notary (TPN) , which in reality there is no single rule that regulates about it. The remaining sanctions in UUJN are purely administrative sanctions and civil sanctions only.Key Words : Sanctions, Notaries and Criminal Acts.