TIC como herramientas didácticas para el profesorado de educación física en la formación reglada utilizando el modelo Flipped Classroom

ICTs are tools present in our life's areas, the rise of which has led to their introduction in the educational curriculum and in teaching as a key and indispensable part of it. Thanks to scientific advancement, performance measurement devices are becoming more frequent and easy to use by professionals in physical activity and sports. Therefore, the present work aims to make a didactic proposal based on the use of ICT as a methodological strategy and tool for assessing and implementing training programs within the curricular framework of the educational stage Professional Training of the Higher Technician in Physical Conditioning. This proposal will consist of seven sessions for the subject of "Assessment of the physical condition and intervention in accidents" where they will handle digital tools that favor developing their objectives and skills and integration into the professional market. Las TIC son una herramienta presente en todos los ámbitos de nuestra vida, cuyo auge ha provocado su introducción en el currículum educativo y en las enseñanzas como una pieza clave e indispensable del mismo. Gracias al avance científico, el uso de dispositivos para la medición del rendimiento es cada vez más frecuente y fácil de usar por parte de profesionales de la actividad física y del deporte. Por eso, el presente trabajo tiene como objetivo realizar una propuesta didáctica basada en el uso de las TIC como estrategia metodológica y herramienta para la valoración y realización de programas de entrenamiento dentro del marco curricular de la etapa educativa Formación Profesional del Técnico Superior en Acondicionamiento Físico. Esta propuesta estará compuesta por siete sesiones para la asignatura de “Valoración de la condición Física e intervención en accidentes” donde manejarán herramientas digitales que favorezcan el desarrollo de sus objetivos y competencias e integración en el mercado profesional.

Training habits and lower limb injury prevention in parkour practitioners

Parkour consists of overcoming obstacles mostly in an urban landscape. Little is known regarding usual training habits and injury risks of traceurs, i.e., parkour practitioners. In this study, a 20-min survey have been fulfilled by a population of traceurs regarding training load, habits (type of warm up, physical conditioning, stretching), type of footwear, and number and type of ankle- and knee-injuries during their career. A total of 180 responses were analyzed (24.4 ± 5.9 years old, 21.7% female, 6.0 ± 3.9 years of experience). Participants reported to train 1 to 7 times per week for a mean duration of 2.2 h. 76% practiced stretching exercises. 75.6% practiced physical conditioning in addition to their parkour training (weightlifting, functional exercises). Injury rate was 1.7 per 1000 h of training, mostly ankle sprains and knee contusions. Number of injury and training load were positively correlated. The lack of physical conditioning was also a factor of injury. Knee injuries have been more frequent on participants wearing minimalist shoes. Although training appears well auto-organized and the injury rate quite low some pitfalls require attention, notably in training planning, warm-up, stretching and conditioning. Building training and coaching methods specific to parkour appears essential.

ANALYSIS OF HIGH-SPEEDRUNNING AND SPRINT RUNNING IN ELITE FEMALE FOOTBALL COMPETITIONS

Introduction: Although football is recognized as the fastest growing sport globally, scientific literature on female footballis still limited. Available published data in understanding the physical demands of female football players have described the necessity of a high level of physical conditioning during matches with average heart rates of 84-86% maximum heart rate and an average of 9.1-11.9 km in total distance covered in the running. The most commonly utilized physical performance measures reported are high-speed running (19km/h-23km/h) and sprinting (>23 km/h). A better understanding of football's physical, technical and tactical demands has resulted from investigations of both training and matches by wearing a global positioning system unit.Objective: This study aimed to assess the running speed and the proportions of different types of running during official competitions in elite female football players.Material and Method: A total of 22 female players (16 seniors and six juniors) that are part of a Romanian First League female football team -Politehnica Timisoara, have been monitored for running speed and covered distance in 6 official matches, which represent a quarter of the championship period. The assessment period was ten weeks (August-October 2021). The monitored parameters (total distance, distance/minute, low speed running, high speed running, sprint running, and maximum speed) wereobtained using K-Sport GPS with a high sampling rate of 50 Hz.Results: During the six analyzed matches the following average values were found: total covered distance -7906.33 ± 1176.68 m, distance/minute -90.83 ± 3.72 m/min, low-speed running distance-7598.50 ± 1102.16 m, high-speed running distance -308 ± 101.31 m, sprint running distance -69.50 ± 28.54 m, and maximum speed -25.13 ± 0.84 km/h.Conclusion: Regarding the monitored parameters (total distance, average speed, proportion of different speed running, maximum speed), we observed a constancy between different matches. During female football matches, high-speed running and sprinting covered 4.77% of the total distance. Based on this data, a future training objective would be the enhancement of this percentage in order to optimize the key moments of the matches.

Balance, physical conditioning, and health perception in elderly women submitted to a 32-week physical exercise program

Study aim: To assess the effects of a long-term physical exercise program on balance, physical conditioning, and health perception in elderly women. Material and methods: The sample, 143 elderly women, were randomly assigned to an experimental group (EG; n = 71; age: 71.62 ± 4.96 years) and control group (CG; n = 72; age: 72.89 ± 5.40 years). The EG was submitted to a 32-week physical exercise program (3×/week, 60 min/session). Balance and physical conditioning were assessed through the 10-step in a straight-line test, the unipedal balance test (UBT), the timed up and go (TUG) test, and the 30-second chair stand test (30s CST). Health perception was evaluated by a questionnaire. Results: Repeated measures ANOVA (2×3) revealed significant improvements (p < 0.05) in TUG and 30s CST in the EG from the pre- to the post-test and when compared to the CG in the post-test. There were significant increases (p < 0.05) in health perception, 10-step test, and UBT in the EG, and significant improvements (p < 0.05) in these EG variables when compared to the CG in the post-test. Conclusions: Participating in the exercise program resulted in improvements in balance, muscle strength, agility, and health perception in the elderly of the present study.

An Organisational and Task Analysis to Inform Police Physical Education and Defensive Tactics Training

<p><b>"For to win one hundred victories in one hundred battles is not the acme of skill. To subdue the enemy without fighting is the acme of skill”. Sun Tzu.</b></p> <p>In the preparation for front-line policing, the teaching of Physical Education and Defensive Tactics (PE and DT) should integrate a number of tactics and techniques, and focus on operationally relevant scenario training. This study used a mixed-method approach (comprising of interviews, observations, focus groups, and a questionnaire), and involved 350 police officers and staff in New Zealand. It sought to identify the critical PE and DT related tasks front-line officers complete, to allow for an evidence based approach to informing the design and development of the training curriculum. The study identified two major topics that it was commonly considered should be part of the PE and DT curriculum: (1) empty-hand techniques and appointments (equipment); and (2) ceremonial (military drill), physical conditioning, and crowd control training. A number of underpinning principles also emerged as being important: the need for self-awareness, confidence, contributing to team effectiveness, and expecting the unexpected. Officers identified situations involving non-compliant and violent people to be the most critical to be trained for, with a focus on easily transferred and effective restraint and self-defence techniques and tactics. Tasks that were judged easy to learn (such as pepper spraying dogs) were deemed to be the least critical tasks to include in the curriculum. Analysis of data related to difficulty, importance, and frequency responses by various officer demographics, showed that those policing in the most rural locations reported using force and communications on non-compliant people less often than other officers.</p>

An Organisational and Task Analysis to Inform Police Physical Education and Defensive Tactics Training

<p><b>"For to win one hundred victories in one hundred battles is not the acme of skill. To subdue the enemy without fighting is the acme of skill”. Sun Tzu.</b></p> <p>In the preparation for front-line policing, the teaching of Physical Education and Defensive Tactics (PE and DT) should integrate a number of tactics and techniques, and focus on operationally relevant scenario training. This study used a mixed-method approach (comprising of interviews, observations, focus groups, and a questionnaire), and involved 350 police officers and staff in New Zealand. It sought to identify the critical PE and DT related tasks front-line officers complete, to allow for an evidence based approach to informing the design and development of the training curriculum. The study identified two major topics that it was commonly considered should be part of the PE and DT curriculum: (1) empty-hand techniques and appointments (equipment); and (2) ceremonial (military drill), physical conditioning, and crowd control training. A number of underpinning principles also emerged as being important: the need for self-awareness, confidence, contributing to team effectiveness, and expecting the unexpected. Officers identified situations involving non-compliant and violent people to be the most critical to be trained for, with a focus on easily transferred and effective restraint and self-defence techniques and tactics. Tasks that were judged easy to learn (such as pepper spraying dogs) were deemed to be the least critical tasks to include in the curriculum. Analysis of data related to difficulty, importance, and frequency responses by various officer demographics, showed that those policing in the most rural locations reported using force and communications on non-compliant people less often than other officers.</p>

Retrospective study of Parajump injuries in Indian Armed Forces

Introduction: A number of studies on military and civil parachuting injuries have been published in the past. Most of the studies place the incidence of parachuting injuries to vary between 0.22% and 0.89%. The profile of injuries sustained during jumps by Indian paratroopers from Paratrooper Training School (PTS), Agra, between 2013 and 2019 was analyzed. Material and Methods: A retrospective analysis of Indian military parachuting injuries was done to assess injury patterns from the records of static line and combat free fall jumps, available at the PTS. The data pertaining to 270 injuries sustained from 256 jumps were analyzed in terms of number of jumps by each paratrooper, type of course/ mission, age, time of the of jump (day/ night), type of parachute used, wind speed at the time of drop, terrain on which the paratrooper landed, the location / part of body injured, the diagnosis, and finally the possible modality of injury using descriptive statistics. Results: The incidence of injuries ascertained from the records varied from 0.054% to 0.10% with a mean incidence of 0.083% from 306,986 jumps recorded over 7 years. Most injuries were related to refresher jumps and static line jumps. There were three fatalities recorded in this period, all due to failure of main and standby parachutes. Most of the injuries were sustained at the time of landing (218, 86.17%). Lower limb injuries accounted for maximum injuries (109, 40.37%), followed by truncal injuries 95 (35.19%) and upper limb injuries 33 (12.22%). Conclusion: The study brings out an interesting aspect of significantly less military parachuting injuries seen in the present study vis-à-vis reported in literature. A high degree of physical fitness and rigorous training are probably responsible for this low incidence. Increasing the duration of refresher training and physical conditioning may further reduce the occurrence of injuries. A cost-efficacy analysis of the same may be done before effecting changes in the training programme.

Creating a Live and Flexible Normative Dataset for Netball

A previous research has identified large data and information sources which exist about netball performance and align with the discussion of coaches during the games. Normative data provides context to measures across many disciplines, such as fitness testing, physical conditioning, and body composition. These data are normally presented in the tables as representations of the population categorized for benchmarking. Normative data does not exist for benchmarking or contextualization in netball, yet the coaches and players use performance statistics. A systems design methodology was adopted for this study where a process for automating the organization, normalization, and contextualization of netball performance data was developed. To maintain good ecological validity, a case study utilized expert coach feedback on the understandability and usability of the visual representations of netball performance population data. This paper provides coaches with benchmarks for assessing the performances of players, across competition levels against the player positions for performance indicators. It also provides insights to a performance analyst around how to present these benchmarks in an automated “real-time” reporting tool.

Thermal Imaging Following Exercise in Working Dogs

Disaster search dogs traverse diverse and unstable surfaces found in collapsed buildings. It is unknown if the physical conditioning on a treadmill involves the same muscle groups that are involved in rubble search. This 14-week prospective cohort study was conducted to investigate changes within the thermal gradients of specific dog muscles following treadmill compared to rubble search. Nine dogs, ranging in age from 6 months to 4 years, were randomly assigned to one of two groups. Each week the two groups would participate in either 20 min of treadmill or rubble searches. Prior to exercise, the dogs were weighed and then kenneled in a temperature-controlled study room for 20 min at 21°C. Pre-exercise thermal images were then captured of the standing dog from the dorsal, left and right lateral, and caudal perspectives, and of the sitting dog from the rostral perspective. Following a 10-min warm-up period of stretches, dogs proceeded to either treadmill or search. Upon completion, dogs were kenneled in the study room for 20 min prior to post-exercise thermal images. Images were sectioned into 22 muscle regions, the pre-exercise images were subtracted from the post-exercise images to determine the temperature difference (ΔT) for that dog, on that day, for that activity. Thermography measures radiant energy, temperature, and converts this information into an image. This study looked at ΔT within a region pre and post-exercise. The study failed to find a statistically significant difference in the ΔT within each muscle group between treadmill and search activities. There was a decrease in ΔT within all muscle regions over the of the study except for the right cranial shoulder, right caudal shoulder, and right hamstring for the treadmill activity only. The decrease was significant in the pelvis, left longissimus, right cranial shoulder for the search activity, left oblique, left caudal shoulder, and left quadricep muscular regions. These findings suggest that ΔT in muscle groups are similar between treadmill exercise and rubble search. Regardless of the exercise type, 14 weeks of structured Search and Rescue training and treadmill exercise resulted in less ΔT associated with a structured weekly exercise.