Electrical Resistivity and Geotechnical Attributes and The Dynamics of Foundation Vulnerability

This research evaluates the significance of geotechnical and Electrical Resistivity methods in studying structural integrity as fundamental factors that may account for failure in a typical sedimentary environment of Ukpenu Primary School, Ekpoma, Edo State, Nigeria. Two methods were used in this study such as the Electrical Resistivity approach involving the use of Lateral Horizontal Profiling (LHP), 2D Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT), and Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) techniques. While geotechnical method involved the collection of soil samples from the study locations for the characterization of the soil properties that are very vital to foundation studies. Nine VES were carried out using Schlumberger array with current electrode spacing varying from 1 to 40 m, with 2-D ERT using Dipole-Dipole electrode array with inter-station separation of 5 m and an expansion factor varied from 1 to 5 while LHP involve Wenner array with an electrode spacing of 5 m interval and was used to determine the vulnerability factors for the building sustainability. The VES interpretation results were used to determine the second-order parameters for the determination of vulnerability. The results obtained from the two methods review that both are very fundamental to foundation dynamics. However, electrical attributes were found to give better information in terms of depth, lateral extent, layer stratification, and nature of materials which make it an indispensable tool over geotechnical attributes whose depth of investigation is up to a maximum of 5 m which poses great limitation in the evaluation of structural integrity, against stress, and strain occasion by geodynamic activities that often result into fracture, crack, highly weathered formation that usually goes beyond the shallow depth of investigation. Therefore, it can be stated that resistivity attributes account for 90% of the major contributing factors that affect foundation vulnerability.

Groundwater Potential Assessment Using Vertical Electrical Sounding and Magnetic Methods: A Case of Adilo Catchment, South Nations, Nationalities and Peoples Regional Government, Ethiopia

Vertical electrical sounding and magnetic methods were carried out to assess groundwater potential in Adilo catchment, Kembata Tembaro Zone, South Nations, Nationalities and Peoples Regional Government, Main Ethiopian Rift. The data were acquired from eight VES points using Schlumberger electrode arrays with maximum half current electrode spacing ( AB / 2 = 500 ) and 253 magnetic data points were analyzed. The qualitative analysis of VES data was accomplished by using curves, apparent resistivity, and pseudodepths, and the quantitative interpretations of the VES data were constructed by the VES data using IPI-Res3, IPI2Win, and surfer software and constructing geoelectric section along with profiles and lithological information from the borehole and Geosoft interpretation was used for magnetic data. The VES results of the data revealed five geoelectric layers which differ in degree of fracturing, weathering, and formation. The upward continued magnetic field map anomaly to 560 m illustrated northwestern to the southwest; areas have a low magnetic anomaly. Examining the potential aquifer of profile one’s geoelectric section, the horizons of layer four were better potential aquifers as the highly fractured and weathered ignimbrite zone of layer five of VES13 was 219 m deeper than the depths of the other VES points, and along with profile two geoelectric sections, the horizon of layer four VES23 layer five has the lowest resistivity with large thickness at a depth of 253 m. Thus, the low resistivity and the large thickness of these formations are an indication of the high yield of groundwater potential in the study area.

Resistance spot welding of a thin 0.7 mm EN10130: DC04 material onto a thicker 2.4 mm 817M40 engineering steel

The effects of welding current, electrode force, and welding time in a resistance spot weld were studied to investigate the effectiveness of welded joints between a thin EN10130: DC04 material and a thicker 817M40 part, through analysis of the microstructural and mechanical properties. All welded specimens were subjected to tensile testing at room temperature (25°C) and sub-zero temperature (-46°C) to test the strength of the welded joints. No full button failure was observed at either room temperature or sub-zero temperature after optimization of the weldng parameters. The fusion zone was observed to consist mainly of martensitic phase, due to rapid quenching, while the HAZ was composed of clusters of martensite in a ferrite and bainite matrix. The base 817M40 metal remained fully ferritic after welding. The hardness was found to increase with increasing welding current. An increase in nugget size, indicating good fusion of the weld, was observed with an increase in the welding current.

Fluoride removal using electrocoagulation technique

A modest quantity of fluoride can increase the mineralization of teeth and reduce their cavities. But the presomerence of fluoride in excess in water can lead to severe disease infertility. In the past few decades, scientists have thus been preoccupied with developing ways to reduce sewage fluoride concentrations and reduce their effects on human health. The present study is aimed at using the technology of electrocoagulation to remove fluoride from polluted water. Tests have been done to examine the elimination of fluoride with a rectangular electrocoagulation cell and examine the impact of the experimental aspects on fluoride extraction, specifically electrical current, electrode spacing, and pH. The authors found that 93% of the fluoride has been extracted using 5mm spaced electrodes with a current density of 2 mA/cm2 and a level of pH of 7 from the polluted water after 20 min of processing. Experimental factors considerably impact the efficacy of fluoride removal. In the acidic environment, greater effectiveness of fluoride removal is being attained. The elimination effectiveness depends directly on the electric current, whereas the distance between poles is adversely linked to fluoride elimination.

Research progress on the cathode and anode of aqueous zinc ion battry

Electrochemical energy storage problems become a worldwide research direction. Now Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are the most common battery product. However, LIBs still has many shortcomings such as, safety problems, a scarcity of lithium, and high price. Rechargeable aqueous-based zinc ion batteries (AZIBs) with lower costs, fewer safety risks as well as abundant zinc reserves have attracted extensive research interest. For the current electrode materials of AZIBs, for example, Mn-based materials, V-based materials and metallic zinc, scientists have done in-depth research to develop the performance of the materials, but complex processes are still inevitable. As a result, sustainable and scalable manufacturing technology and electrode materials with high capacity and the longer service life is the research direction.

Detection of Trace Metal Contamination Around a Dumpsite in Iyara Area Warri Nigeria Using Geoelectrical and Geochemical Methods

Trace metal concentration in soils of Iyara area of Warri, Delta State was studied using geophysical and geochemical techniques. Eight vertical electrical sounding (VES) using SAS 1000 Terrameter with maximum current electrode spread of 150 m in the Schlumberger configuration was carried out. The geoelectric layers obtained are topsoil, clay, sand and fine-medium grained sand. The fine to medium grained sand of the third and fourth layers mainly constitute the aquifer with a depth ranging from 4.8 - 11.0 m. Soil samples were collected at three of the VES stations covering the dumpsite and stations away from the dumpsite. The trace metal content was higher than the maximum allowable levels in soils as specified by the World Health Organisation (WHO) and Department of Petroleum Resources of Nigeria (DPR) except for Pb with undetected concentration in VES 3, Mn with 135 mg/kg in VES 1 and undetected in VES 3 and VES 7. The Multiple pollution index, Enrichment factor, and Non-carcinogenic hazard decreases with increasing distance from the dumpsite. The soil around the dumpsite has been impacted and the results of this study will serve as background information for soil studies and groundwater development in the area.

Magnetic and Restivity Investigation of Geologic Structures in the Basement Complex of Aran-Orin, Kwara-State, Nigeria.

The study aims to integrate magnetic and vertical electrical sounding (VES) resistivity methods to determine groundwater prospective in part of Aran-orin Sheet 224. A total of three traverses were established in the study area for the vertical electrical sounding using the Schlumberger electrode configuration. A total of 17 VES points was established using the ABEM Terrameter SAS 1000C model with maximum half-current electrode spacing (AB/2) of 120m. A total of eight traverses were established for the magnetics survey with station intervals of 10 m and inter-profile spacing of 100 m. The magnetic and VES data were qualitatively and quantitatively interpreted using IPI2WIN and OASIS MONTAJ package respectively. The geo-electric sections reveal a maximum of 3-4 layers beneath the sub-surface an overburden thickness ranges from 8.2 m to 64.9 m and the corresponding lithology inferred are topsoil, weathered Rock, fractured basement and fresh basement. The depth to basement using half-width method showed that the depth ranges from 8.4-56.04 m, which corresponds with the electrical survey.

Magnetic and Restivity Investigation of Geologic Structures in the Basement Complex of Aran-Orin, Kwara-State, Nigeria.

The study aims to integrate magnetic and vertical electrical sounding (VES) resistivity methods to determine groundwater prospective in part of Aran-orin Sheet 224. A total of three traverses were established in the study area for the vertical electrical sounding using the Schlumberger electrode configuration. A total of 17 VES points was established using the ABEM Terrameter SAS 1000C model with maximum half-current electrode spacing (AB/2) of 120m. A total of eight traverses were established for the magnetics survey with station intervals of 10 m and inter-profile spacing of 100 m. The magnetic and VES data were qualitatively and quantitatively interpreted using IPI2WIN and OASIS MONTAJ package respectively. The geo-electric sections reveal a maximum of 3-4 layers beneath the sub-surface an overburden thickness ranges from 8.2 m to 64.9 m and the corresponding lithology inferred are topsoil, weathered Rock, fractured basement and fresh basement. The depth to basement using half-width method showed that the depth ranges from 8.4-56.04 m, which corresponds with the electrical survey.

Intrinsic Parametric Approach to Groundwater Vulnerability Assessment: A Case Study of Ijero Mining Site, Ijero-Ekiti.

The research was conducted to unravel the aquifer protective capacity and groundwater yield of the environment of a mining site at Ijero-Ekiti, Nigeria. The electrical resistivity method was employed and data gotten were used in combining the conventional longitudinal conductance and a new approach that indexes the resistivity and thickness considering some layers which could be protective and have low resistivity like clay material. The area is characterized by the Nigeria Basement Complex consisting of Precambrian rocks, made up of the migmatite gneiss, amphibole schist, quartzite, calc gneiss, schist biotite gneiss, biotite-schist, epidiorite, pegmatite and granite. A total of 9 points were sounded with maximum current electrode separation of 50 – 80 m. The sounding data were interpreted with the aid of partial curve-matching and computer iteration. Result of the interpretation of the geophysical data shows that the area is composed of variable subsurface layering that ranges from three to four layers. Groundwater potential zones were delineated based on the geo-electrical data. The study reveals that VES 1, 3, 4, 5 and 8 have high to medium groundwater potential. However, VES 2, 6 and 9 are characterized by low groundwater potential. The distinct aquifer protective zones identified in the study area using longitudinal conductance and geoelectric layer susceptibility indexing are poor and weak. The study has been able to detect the groundwater yield and the protective capacity of the overburden in the northeastern part of Ijero-Ekiti where a mining site is located using electrical method. Geochemical analysis of water and soil samples from the area is recommended to understand the right treatment required for some of the groundwater sources for drinking.

Magnetic and Restivity Investigation of Geologic Structures in the Basement Complex of Aran-orin, Kwara-state, Nigeria.

This study aims at integration of magnetic and vertical electrical sounding (VES) resistivity methods to determine groundwater prospective in part of Aran-orin Sheet 224. A total of three traverses were established in the study area for the vertical electrical sounding using the Schlumberger electrode configuration. A total of 17 VES points was established using the ABEM Terrameter SAS 1000C model with maximum half-current electrode spacing (AB/2) of 120m. A total of eight traverses were established for the magnetics survey with station intervals of 10 m and inter-profile spacing of 100 m. The magnetic and VES data were qualitatively and quantitatively interpreted using IPI2WIN and OASIS MONTAJ package respectively. The geo-electric sections reveal a maximum of 3–4 layers beneath the sub-surface an overburden thickness ranges from 8.2 m to 64.9 m and the corresponding lithology inferred are topsoil, weathered Rock, fractured basement and fresh basement. The depth to basement using half-width method showed that the depth ranges from 8.4-56.04 m, which corresponds with the electrical survey.