Ocupação da Terra e Conflitos de Uso com as Áreas de Preservação Permanente Nativa Remanescente de Cerrado na Sub-bacia do Córrego do Veado, Bacia do Alto Taquari, MS

A conservação das florestas é de grande interesse de toda a sociedade, pois garante os serviços ambientais básicos que sustentam a vida e a economia do país. Nesse estudo, realizou-se um diagnóstico do uso da terra e cobertura vegetal visando avaliar os conflitos entre as atividades antrópicas e as áreas de vegetação nativa remanescente de Cerrado na sub-bacia do Córrego do Veado e propor ações de adequação, do ponto de vista da conservação dos recursos naturais e da biodiversidade, com base na legislação pertinente e nas características físicas da bacia. O estudo se baseou em imagens orbitais e dados vetoriais, processados em Sistema de Informação Geográfica para a geração de produtos cartográficos. Na bacia, foram registradas 81 propriedades rurais, a maioria composta de imóveis com menos de quatro módulos fiscais, onde a principal forma de uso da terra foi a Pastagem sobre áreas consolidadas. A bacia contém em torno de 20% da área coberta por vegetação nativa de Cerrado, porém grande parte das propriedades não apresenta área de Reserva Legal e muitas nascentes de afluentes e do Córrego encontram-se degradadas. As ações propostas referem-se à recuperação das faixas de vegetação ciliar que descumprem o mínimo de largura estabelecido pela legislação, e das áreas de Reserva Legal; à readequação do uso em áreas voltadas à conservação da biodiversidade e à avaliação do potencial turístico da região, como forma de uso sustentável em áreas com alta declividade, solos altamente erodíveis e onde a vegetação de Cerrado encontra-se preservada. The conservation of forests is of great interest to all of society, as it guarantees the basic environmental services that support the life and economy of the country. In this study, a diagnosis of land use and vegetation cover was carried out in order to assess the conflicts between human activities and the areas of native Cerrado remnant in the sub-basin of the Córrego do Veado and propose adaptation actions, from the point of view of the conservation of natural resources and biodiversity, based on the legislation and the physical characteristics of the basin. The study was based on orbital images and vector data, processed in a Geographic Information System for the generation of cartographic products. In the basin, 81 rural properties were registered, the majority consisting of properties with less than four fiscal modules, where the main form of land use was Pasture over consolidated areas. The basin contains around 20% of the area covered by native Cerrado vegetation, however most of the properties do not have a Legal Reserve area and many tributary and stream springs are degraded. The proposed actions refer to the recovery of the strips of riparian vegetation that do not comply with the minimum width established by the legislation, and the areas of Legal Reserve; the readjustment of use in areas aimed at the conservation of biodiversity and the evaluation of the tourist potential of the region, as a form of sustainable use in areas with high declivity, highly erodible soils and where the Cerrado vegetation is preserved.Keywords:River Basin, Conservation, Ecosystem Service, Forest Code.

REQUIREMENTS FOR CREATING CONDITIONS FOR KEEPING ANIMALS ON DAIRY FARMS

The purpose of the research is – to develop requirements for creating comfortable conditions for keeping farm animals, taking into account EU standards, during milk production on farms. Research methods. During the development of requirements for the creation of comfortable conditions for keeping farm animals, taking into account EU standards, in the process of milk production on farms used the following basic regulations: Council Directive 98/58/EU, Council Directive 91/629/EU, Council Directive 92/46/EU, Commission Directive 89/362/EC. Requirements in the field of milk production, adapted to EU standards, are systematized by the following components: keeping, feeding, watering animals, milking cows, milk cooling, manure removal, creating a microclimate, veterinary care. Research results. In practice, during milk production it is necessary to create free, comfortable conditions for keeping cattle. Convenient access of service personnel to the place of calving of cows should be provided. In the conditions of the maternity ward, the technological areas should be 8-10 m² per cow. Young cattle, including calves, should be provided with a clean and dry rest area, protected from drafts. According to EU regulations, calves up to eight weeks of age can be kept in individual cages or in group cages. According to EU Council Directive 97/2, calves older than 8 weeks of age are kept only in group cages. In accordance with the EU Directive 97/2 technological areas for keeping young cattle with a live weight of up to 150 kg - must be at least 1,5 m² / head., Live weight 150 - 220 kg – 1,7 m² / head., Live weight 220 kg and more – 1,8 m² / goal. Technological areas for keeping animals with a live weight of 200 to 500 kg - from 2,7 to 4,7 m² / goal. The feeding front for young cattle with a live weight of 200 to 500 kg is from 0,4 to 0,6 m / goal. The technological area in the section per cow must be at least 6 m² / head. Rational sizes of boxes for rest of cows: width 1,2 m, length (near a wall) - 2,6 m, length (in paired boxes) - 2,45 m, height of a protection of a box - 1,1 ± 0,05 m, an inclination boxing floor towards the manure passage 5 ± 1%, the height of the boxing floor above the level of the manure passage 0,2 – 0,25 m. The width of the rest area of cows must be at least 6 m. In accordance with EU Council Directive 98/58 must be provided free access of animals to feeders and feed. EU Commission Decision 97/182 states that priority should be given to the feeding of whole milk substitutes when feeding calves. A feeding front for cows must be provided – 0,7 ± 0,05 m. In accordance with EU Council Directive 98/58, free access of animals to drinking troughs and water must be ensured. According to European standards, the total bacterial contamination of milk should be - ≤ 300 thousand KUO / cm³, the number of somatic cells in milk - ≤ 400 thousand /cm³. Drainage of wastewater from milking parlors, household premises of the farm is carried out using a separate from the manure removal system - sewer system. The bactericidal phase of fresh milk is 4 hours, no later than this period you need to start processing milk into dairy products. The depth of the manure channel in the livestock building should be 8 - 20 cm, the sides of which are located at right angles to the surface of the channel. The minimum width of the manure passage for cows should be 2,7 m. An acceptable level of air temperature for cows during the year from minus 10 °C to + 25 °C at a relative humidity of up to 80 %. Periodically carry out preventive veterinary measures, weighing animals, trimming the hooves of limbs in cows 2-4 times a year, monthly examination of cows for mastitis using mastitis detectors. Conclusions. For the first time in Ukraine, requirements have been developed to create comfortable conditions for keeping farm animals, taking into account EU standards, during milk production on farms. Requirements adapted to EU standards in the field of milk production are systematized by the following components: keeping, feeding, watering dairy cattle, milking cows, cooling milk, manure removal, creating a microclimate, veterinary care.

ESTHETIC AND FORM CREATION PROBLEM OF SUMMER SPACES

A lot of mass media write about the summer spaces aesthetics problem. The articles, notes, posts, blogs and other content are dedicated primarily to the experience of housing exploitation. However, architects, urban planners and other professionals determine the problem rather rarely. Summer spaces, first of all, balconies, loggias and terraces are important as functionally as aesthetically for the creation of comfortable, modern and visually expressive housing. Architects must provide both functional and aesthetic solutions, knowing that homeowners can change their designs. You must use the best domestic and foreign experience to prevent the unwanted changes which are analyzed in this article. Without this, balconies and loggias will be glazed by either the developer, which significantly worsens the aesthetics of the facade or residents, which makes the worst solution. First of all, summer spaces must have the appropriate proportions and engineering supplies. Balconies and loggias must have artificial lighting and electricity supply, they can also be equipped with water supply rain sewer, heating and cooling systems. With maximum equipment, summer spaces can play the role of a summer living room or a multifunctional space. In hot weather, balconies and loggias can even be used as a bedroom, which is important due to global warming. In addition to engineering supply it is necessary to provide some spatial standards: minimum width not less than 1.6 m with a length less than 3.5 m, 1.8 m for 3,5 -4,5 m length, and 2m for more than 4.5m. The area of balconies and loggias should be 4 -12 m2. Summer spaces fencing should not reduce sunlight and daylight in the rooms - so the glass or vertical metal handrails are the best solutions. It is also advisable to combine deaf parts with visually permeable. To implement these proposals, it is necessary to make legislative changes in summer spaces standards. Increasing of housing culture level and informing about the best and sustainable examples is also important. Balconies and loggias in existing housing can be dismantled and replaced with more functional ones through a comprehensive renovation program. The option of individual reconstruction is not appropriate.

A new species and a key to eleven species of the genus Conophyma Zubovsky, 1898 (Orthoptera, Acridoidea, Catantopidae, Conophyminae) from China

A new species and a key to eleven species of of the genus Conophyma Zobovsky, 1898 from China is described in this paper. The new species Conophyma lini sp. nov. is similar to C. xiai Zhang et al, 2015, but differs from latter by: vertex longer, apex narrower; minimum width of interspace 1.6 times length in mesosternum; posterior margin of epiproct waved, with angular projection in the middle, furculae small and width of Epiphallus 2.5 times high. Type specimens are deposited in the Northwest Plateau Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, Qinghai 810001, China.

In Silico Study of the Electrically Conductive and Electrochemical Properties of Hybrid Films Formed by Bilayer Graphene and Single-Wall Nanotubes under Axial Stretching

Using the self-consistent-charge density-functional tight-binding (SCC-DFTB) method, we studied the effect of axial stretching on the electrical conductivity and quantum capacitance of hybrid films formed by AB-stacked bilayer graphene and horizontally oriented single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) with indices chirality (12,6). The paper discusses several topological models of hybrid graphene/SWCNT(12, 6) films, which differ in the width of the graphene layer in the supercell and in the value of the shift between the graphene layers. It is shown that axial stretching has a different effect on the electrical conductivity and quantum capacity of the hybrid graphene/SWCNT (12, 6) film depending on the width of the graphene layer. For a topological model with a minimum width of the graphene layer (2 hexagons) under a 10% stretching strain, the transformation of bilayer graphene from planar to wave-like structures is characteristic. This transformation is accompanied by the appearance of the effect of anisotropy of electrical conductivity and a sharp decrease in the maximum of quantum capacitance. For a topological model with a graphene layer width of 4 hexagons, axial stretching, on the contrary, leads to a decrease in the effect of anisotropy of electrical conductivity and insignificant changes in the quantum capacitance. Based on the obtained results, the prospects for using hybrid graphene/SWCNT(12, 6) films as a material for creating flexible electrodes of supercapacitors are predicted.

MORPHOMETRIC STUDY OF OLECRANON PROCESS AND TROCHLEA OF HUMERUS IN ADULT POPULATION OF TELANGANA REGION.

Introduction: Morphometric study of Olecranon process and Trochlea of humerus in Adult population of Telangana region. Materials And Methods: The study was done on 120 dry Adult Humerus of unknown age and sex collected from the Department of Anatomy, Kakatiya Medical College, Warangal, Telangana state. Results: Maximum width of Right and Left Olecranon process of humerus were 30mm and 34 mm respectively while the minimum width of olecranon process of humerus were 22mm on right and 24mm on left side. Mean width of olecranon process of humerus were 26 mm on right side, 29 mm on left side . Maximum length of Right and Left Olecranon process of humerus were 20mm and 20 mm respectively while the minimum length of olecranon process of humerus were 15mm onright and 16 on left side. Mean length of Olecranon process of humerus were 17.5 mm on right side, 18 mm on left side . Maximum width of right and left Trochlear process of humerus were 30mm and 30 mm respectively while the minimum width of width of right and left trochlear process of humerus were 18mm onright and 22 on left side. Mean width distance of trochlea of humerus were 24 mm on right side, 26 mm on left side. Conclusion: The knowledge of Morphometric study of Olecranon process and Trochlea of humerus is important for anatomists, It is also helpful for orthopaedic surgeons in distal end fracture of humerus and its reconstructive surgery for various implants.

Micro Ring Resonator based CO2 Gas Sensor using PbSe Quantum Dots

In this paper, we introduce a micro-ring resonator-based highly sensitive carbon dioxide sensor. For this purpose, a valley is created in the core of the ring and PbSe quantum dots (QDs) are deposited in the valley and the sensor is exposed to CO2 gas. In this way, the refractive index of the PbSe QDs increases with an increase in the concentration of gas flow, and then the resonance frequency of the ring resonator shifts. The designed sensor operates almost linearly over a wide range of concentrations for CO2 gas and shows a high resonance shift at different concentrations of CO2 gas. The detection limit for the designed sensor is 0.001% of CO2 gas which is more sensitive than previously reported sensors based on microring resonators. The frequency shifts are investigated by changing the width of the valley. The minimum width of the valley was determined for the evanescent field in which only the outer core of the ring affects the resonant frequency. Also, the modal analysis of the designed ring resonator waveguide is investigated to determine the minimum core width.

Substantiation of the parameters of open stoping mining method with abandonment of unrecoverable pillars

Relevance. Developing inclined ore bodies of low and uneven thickness using mining systems with caving results in great losses and dilution, deteriorating the conditions for ore gravitation. As a consequence, it becomes necessary to slice the barren rock in the lying side to form slopes with the desired angle. There are also characteristic ore losses at the dead end of the drawing drift independent of the ore body thickness, therefore acquiring a significant role under a lesser thickness. The height of the sublevels, limited by the ore body’s inclination, leads to a considerable amount of preparatory and development operations. The absence of actual in-process monitoring of useful component content in the ore drawing doses often leads to increased dilution rates due to the drawing of barren caved rocks of the previously worked overlying sublevel. Thus, the technological solutions search and their design parameters substantiation for the conditions of inclined ore bodies of low thickness is an urgent scientific and technical problem. Research aim is to substantiate the parameters of the open stoping mining which provides for leaving unrecoverable pillars which ensure the drawing of the maximum volume of pure ore under the cantilever of the hanging side rocks. Research methods. The work used a comprehensive research method based on search and design of technically rational options for geotechnology, their technical and economic assessment and mathematical modeling, and determination of stable parameters of mining system structural elements – the chamber span and the pillar width. Results analysis. The optimal variant of the open stoping mining system has been determined. In comparison with the basic technology of sublevel caving, the specific consumption of preparatory and development operations per 1000 tons of mined ore has been reduced by 34%, the cost of mined ore – by 12%, and ore losses and dilution – by 2 and 2.9 times, respectively. The stable parameters of the chamber span and pillar width have been established. Conclusions. The developed technology of sublevel open stoping with double chambers with frontal ore drawing using remote-controlled loading and hauling machines and subsequent caving of unrecoverable pillars of minimum width allows to significantly increase the efficiency of mining.

Steam Turbine Casing Analyses to Determine Pressure and Temperature Limits

To ensure safe and reliable operation, steam turbine casings must have acceptable stresses and maintain sealing when subjected to internal pressures and temperatures. To show turbine casings acceptable, analysts conduct structural evaluations using finite element analysis (FEA) techniques. This paper outlines the analytical methods used to perform these types of analyses, provides analysis examples, and summarizes the process to create pressure and temperature limit maps. Finite element models of the main casing and steam chest are used to determine stresses and sealing of the casing horizontal split line and steam chest cover during normal operation. The sealing evaluations consider the sealing capabilities of the bolted joints when the casing is subjected to internal steam pressure and consider the effects of bolt stress relaxation at elevated temperatures, joint contact surface separation, and penetration of the internal pressure into the sealing surface. The acceptance criteria for the bolted joint sealing is based on the minimum width of the contacting surface and the minimum joint contact pressure. A series of analyses were conducted on the various models to create pressure and temperature limit maps, so that the design can be applied for the appropriate conditions. These maps plot maximum allowable working pressure (MAWP) versus maximum allowable working temperature (MAWT), and allow an application engineer to easily determine the acceptability of the casing for a particular application. An explanation of the process used to create the limit maps is presented.