Cytogenetic effect of caffeine in the micronucleus test

Relevance. The consumption of caffeine-containing food in the modern world must necessarily be safe for humans, including should not affect the hereditary material of the body. Objective: to determine the possible effect of caffeine at the cytogenetic level by the micronucleus method on erythrocytes. Materials and Methods. The objects for the study were non-linear mice, which were divided into 6 groups - one control group and 5 experimental groups. The first experimental group and the second in the experiment received caffeine in doses of 40 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg.The control group received saline. Caffeine was administered orally. The mutagen (dioxidine) was injected intraperitoneally. On the 5th day of the experimental study, we performed blood sampling for cytogenetic analysis. Results and Discussion. Our study of the caffeine preparation made it possible to determine the following patterns. Firstly, when administered within 5 days, caffeine at a dose of 40 and 100 mg/kg did not cause an increase in the number of micronuclei in erythrocytes in mice. Secondly, the combined use of caffeine (both at a dose of 40mg/kgand at a dose of 100 mg / kg) and dioxidine significantly increased the level of micronuclei in comparison with the control group. Thirdly, caffeine at a dose of 40mg/kgdid not increase the mutagenic activity of dioxidine, but a dose of caffeine of 100mg/kgwhen combined with a mutagen led to a significant increase in the level of cytogenetic damage. Conclusion. According to our data, caffeine in the experimental study was not a mutagen, but at a dose of 100 mg/kg it represented a comutagenic effect.

About some genetic terms, their content and education

Ambiguity of genetic terms usage leads to their misinterpretation and learning difficulties. The content of some concepts is analyzed as well as haziness and mistakes in usage of corresponding terms such as gene, allele, genotype, phenotype, polymorphism, heritability, variability and few others. Limitations of the model dividing separately impact of the environment and genotype in a feature formation are explored. The interaction of the environment and hereditary material is suggested as basic factor of genetic and phonetic variability.

Reality of Mitogenome Investigation in Preservation of Native Domestic Sheep Breeds

This chapter deals with the study of extranuclear hereditary material and the possibilities of using it to maintain endangered animal breeds. The chapter characterizes mtDNA, presents its genes and their functions, while also emphasizing the hypervariable control region. It reports on the results of previous researches, referring to international publications. It sheds light on promising areas of mitogenomic research. It shows the maternal genetic background of local native varieties according to the results of the study of available country/geographical region. It deals with reasons for endangerment and the arguments for preservation of autochthonous breeds. In addition, it gives place to discuss some exciting professional concepts in rare breed preservation.

Covid 19 Natural Evil / Human Evil: A Philosophical Investigation

This paper sought to find out whether COVID 19 is as a result of natural evil, human evil or both. The researchers adopt an expository method in carrying out this work. Viruses have been around in the world long as life itself. We can confidently say that life as we know it would not exist without viruses. Viruses do leave “fossils” in the Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)-the hereditary material in humans and of other organisms, from which their history can be reconstructed. It is as a result of this that the researchers posit that COVID 19 is neither natural evil nor human evil. The researchers conclude that the issue of COVID 19 outbreak ravaging the earth has a sufficient reason. But sometimes our emotions blind us from seeing the reason but solely the event.

Role of DNA Profiling in Criminal Investigation Based Leading Case Laws

Forensic science has a great contribution in crime prevention and criminal justice by fair investigation. Its applications in crime prevention and investigation is essential to know the best possible and nearest justice to put those criminals behind the bars whose tendency is to destroy all proofs and evidences. DNA Profiling/Typing is one of the techniques of forensic technology which is used to investigate and find justice in most of the trials. The present communication deals with the contribution of DNA-Profiling in criminal investigation in Indian criminal justice, its evidentiary value and also the features of DNA Bill 2017. Material (evidences) collected to process, identify and compare to know evidentiary value of evidences. Under forensic science inter se the linkage between occurrence of crime, the criminals, the victims, the weapons, place and time are established whether it may be absence or presence by forensic science. We can say that there is an urgent and silent need for the application of the forensic science in present indian justice system. Forensic science perform many functions like establishing corpus delicti (Body of crime), determines the modus oprandi of the crime (Method of doing something) identifies the criminal and also identify the victims. DNA is a hereditary material of each living organism’s passes from parents to their offspring through inheritance. In most of the criminal and civil investigations the fair identification of criminals/heirs, parentage and other identification of individuals has been one of the biggest problem. This paper is established on secondary data collected through different online/offline sources and their analysis, which include research papers by different researchers, articles, journals, conference proceedings, periodicals, text books and available digital data analyzed for relevant application of forensic science in law.

Genomics and informatics The story of a „love marriage”

The rapid development of molecular biology over the past seventy years led to the molecular understanding of the structure and function of hereditary material in the living world. Through the processing of the gigantic amount of data obtained as a result of technological advances and the exploration of different mechanisms of action, information technology has become an indispensable part of genomic research. This article addresses the background of the genomic and bioinformatics revolution, its application areas, and the perspective of personalized medicine.

Genome elimination mediated by gene expression from a selfish chromosome

Numerous plants and animals harbor selfish B chromosomes that “drive” or transmit themselves at super-Mendelian frequencies, despite long-term fitness costs to the organism. Currently, it is unknown how B chromosome drive is mediated, and whether B-gene expression plays a role. We used modern sequencing technologies to analyze the fine-scale sequence composition and expression of paternal sex ratio (PSR), a B chromosome in the jewel wasp Nasonia vitripennis. PSR causes female-to-male conversion by destroying the sperm’s hereditary material in young embryos to drive. Using RNA interference, we demonstrate that testis-specific expression of a PSR-linked gene, named haploidizer, facilitates this genome elimination–and–sex conversion effect. haploidizer encodes a putative protein with a DNA binding domain, suggesting a functional link with the sperm-derived chromatin.

Transcription polymerase–catalyzed emergence of novel RNA replicons

Transcription polymerases can exhibit an unusual mode of regenerating certain RNA templates from RNA, yielding systems that can replicate and evolve with RNA as the information carrier. Two classes of pathogenic RNAs (hepatitis delta virus in animals and viroids in plants) are copied by host transcription polymerases. Using in vitro RNA replication by the transcription polymerase of T7 bacteriophage as an experimental model, we identify hundreds of new replicating RNAs, define three mechanistic hallmarks of replication (subterminal de novo initiation, RNA shape-shifting, and interrupted rolling-circle synthesis), and describe emergence from DNA seeds as a mechanism for the origin of novel RNA replicons. These results inform models for the origins and replication of naturally occurring RNA genetic elements and suggest a means by which diverse RNA populations could be propagated as hereditary material in cellular contexts.

Genotyping pathogenic strains of genus Xanthomonas causing bacterioses in a number of plants by DDSL technique

In the genus Xanthomonas, specialists consider a significant number of species and varieties (pathovars) of phytopathogenic bacteria that infect many agricultural and ornamental plants (about 400 species), which leads to serious economic losses. For the timely detection of these pathogens, accurate diagnosis is necessary, allowing correct and prompt identification. Molecular genetic methods are able to identify populations of Xanthomonas strains with a fairly complete characterization of their hereditary material. The proposed method of genotyping — double digest and selective label (DDSL) — is based on the use of two restriction endonucleases for the separation of bacterial genomic DNA. The DNA polymerase (Taq) present in the reaction mixture along with biotinylated deoxycytosine triphosphate (Bio–dCTP) allows for the visualization of DNA fragments. The tag only labels DNA fragments that have 3'-recessed ends formed by the first enzyme (BcuI). The second restriction endonuclease (Eco147I) produces blunt ends that are unable to incorporate the label. As a result, in the DDSL reaction, 20–50 clearly distinguishable DNA fragments are visualized on the filter. The number and distribution of fragments are characteristic for each bacterial strain of the genus Xanthomonas. Genotyping these microorganisms makes it possible to identify the specific profile of each strain, i.e., assign it a sort of “bar code” for individual specification. The strains of bacteria of the genus Xanthomonas, obtained from different species (tomato, radish, sorghum) are genetically separated from each other, showing a specific pattern in terms of the distribution of DNA fragments, despite the common geographical origin. A comparatively rare case of the identity of strains, despite their geographical and temporal unrelatedness and different cultures, has been recorded.