Analisis Faktor- Faktor yang Memengaruhi Depresi pada Ibu Kandung yang Memiliki Anak dengan Retardasi Mental di Sekolah Luar Biasa Yayasan Pembinaan Anak Cacat Manado

The first common reaction in parents who have a retarded child is shock, fear, sadness, disappointment, guilt, rejection or anger. These conditions could potentially lead to psychological problems that can cause depression. There are many factors that can influence depression in biological mothers who have children with mental retardation. This study was aimed to analyze the factors that could influence depression in biological mothers who had children with mental retardation at the Special School of Coaching Disabled Children Foundation Manado. This was a descriptive-analytical study with a cross-sectional design. Data were obtained by using Hamilton Depression Rate Scale (HDRS) questionnaire and socio-demographic questionnaire. There were 17 biological mothers as respondents. The results showed that 11 respondents suffered form depression; 6 respondents (35.3%) with mild depression and 5 respondents (29.4%) with moderate depression. Meanwhile, six respondents (35.3%) had no depression. The factors that could influence depression were as follows: age (P = 0.332), education (P = 0.335), occupation (P = 0.586), marital status, number of children (P = 0.905), gender of children (P = 0.966), and level of mental retardation of the children (P = 0.774). Conclusion: There was no relationship between depression and factors that could influence depression in biological mothers who had children with mental retardation.Keywords: depression, mother, child, mental retardation, HDRSAbstrak: Reaksi umum yang pertama kali terjadi pada orangtua yang memiliki anak dengan retardasi ialah rasa kaget, takut, sedih, kecewa, merasa bersalah, menolak atau marah-marah. Kondisi seperti ini berpotensi memunculkan masalah psikologis yang bisa menyebabkan depresi. Terdapat banyak faktor yang memengaruhi depresi pada ibu yang memiliki anak retardasi mental. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis faktor -faktor yang dapat memengaruhi depresi pada ibu kandung yang memiliki anak retardasi mental di Sekolah Luar Biasa Yayasan Pembinaan Anak Cacat Manado. Jenis penelitian ialah deskriptif-analitik dengan desain potong lintang. Data diperoleh melalui kuisioner Hamilton Depression Rate Scale (HDRS) dan kuisioner sosio-demografi. Responden penelitian berjumlah 17 orang ibu. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan ibu yang mempunyai anak retardasi mental mengalami depresi sebanyak 11 responden dengan 6 responden (35,3%) depresi ringan dan 5 responden (29,4%) depresi sedangkan yang tidak mengalami depresi sebanyak 6 orang (35,3%). Faktor-faktor yang dapat memengaruhi depresi pada ibu yaitu usia (P= 0,332), pendidikan terakhir (P=0,335), pekerjaan (P=0,586), status pernikahan, jumlah anak (P=0,905), jenis kelamin anak (P=0,966), dan tingkat retardasi mental anak (P=0,774). Simpulan: Tidak terdapat hubungan antara faktor-faktor yang memengaruhi depresi dengan depresi pada ibu.Kata kunci: depresi, ibu, anak, retardasi mental, HDR

HUBUNGAN LAMA TINGGAL DENGAN TINGKAT DEPRESI PADA LANJUT USIA DI PANTI SOSIAL TRESNA WERDHA ‘AGAPE’ TONDANO

Depression is a serious problem in the society. According to World Health Organization in 2000, depression is on fourth rank in the world as the disease causing disability and will be raised to second rank of health problem in 2020. Elderly is a hard phase of human life. In this period, the elderly are often confronted with problems such as physical limitations and losing their role in society that could make them more susceptible to get depression. Moreover, elderly who stay at nursing home have the feeling as if they are not worthy anymore, be discarded from their family, and start blaming themselves. This was an analytical study with a cross-sectional research design. Level of depression of fifty elderly people will be rated using the questionnaire of Hamilton Depression Rate Scale. data were statistically analyzed (univariate and bivariate). The results showed that 4.0% elderly were normal, 34.0% had mild depression, 56.0% had moderate depression, 6.0% had severe depression. There was no relation between length of stay with level of depression among elderly in Panti Sosial Tresna Werdha Agape Tondano.Keywords: depression, elderly, Hamilton depression rate scale.Abstrak: World Health Organization menyatakan depresi berada pada urutan keempat penyakit di dunia penyebab kecacatan dan pada tahun 2020 akan meningkat menduduki peringkat kedua masalah kesehatan dunia. Masa lanjut usia merupakan tahap kehidupan yang tidak mudah. Pada periode ini lanjut usia dihadapkan dengan berbagai kendala baik kemunduran fisik maupun kehilangan peran sosialnya sehingga menyebabkan lanjut usia cenderung lebih rentan mengalami depresi. Lanjut usia yang tinggal di panti werdha karena terpaksa merasa tidak berharga, menyalahkan diri sendiri, dan merasa diri dibuang oleh keluarga. Penelitian ini bersifat analitik dengan desain potong lintang. Tingkatan depresi pada 50 orang lanjut usia dinilai dengan menggunakan kuesioner Hamilton Depression Rate Scale. Hasil penelitian diolah dengan analisis univariat dan bivariat. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan sebanyak 4,0% lanjut usia tidak mengalami depresi, 34,0% lanjut usia dengan depresi ringan, 56,0% lanjut usia dengan depresi sedang, 6,0% dengan depresi berat. Tidak terdapat hubungan lama tinggal dan tingkat depresi pada lanjut usia di Panti Sosial Tresna Werdha Agape Tondano.Kata kunci: depresi, lanjut usia, Hamilton depression rate scale

Dysfunction of Affective Network in Post Ischemic Stroke Depression: A Resting-State Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study

Objective. Previous studies have demonstrated that stroke characteristics and social and psychological factors jointly contribute to the development of poststroke depression (PSD). The purpose of this study was to identify altered functional connectivity (FC) of the affective network (AN) in patients with PSD and to explore the correlation between FC and the severity of PSD.Materials and Methods. 26 PSD patients, 24 stroke patients without depression, and 24 age-matched normal controls underwent the resting-state functional MRI (fMRI) scanning. The bilateral anterior cingulated cortices (ACCs) were selected as regions of interest (ROIs). FC was calculated and compared among the three groups. The association between FC and Hamilton Depression Rate Scale (HDRS) scores of PSD group was investigated.Results. The FC of the AN was disrupted in PSD patients compared to stroke patients without depression and normal controls. Moreover, the left orbital part of inferior frontal gyrus which indicated altered FC was significantly correlated with HDRS scores in PSD patients.Conclusions. Dysfunction of the affective network may be one of the reasons of the development of PSD.