Assessing the Grindability Behaviour of Anka (Zamfara State, Nigeria) Manganese Ore towards Effective Manganese Mineral Liberation

The Bond standard grindability test provides a Work Index that is widely used to estimate the energy required for ore grinding. The research investigates the work index of Anka Manganese ore at Anka deposit in Zamfara state, Nigeria. The reference ore (Quartz) was sourced from the studied ore overburden in the mine. The test ore and the reference ore were characterized using Energy Dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometer, X - ray Diffractometer and the Scanning Electron Microscope equipped with Energy Dispersive Spectrum. 500 g each of the manganese ore and quartz were sampled and prepared by crushing and grinding to 100% passing 1200 μm sieve. 100 g of prepared ores were charged into array of sieve arranged in √2 series from 1000 μm to 63 μm. Set of sieves were mounted on the Automated Pascal Denver sieve shaker (16153) and was in operation for 20 minutes. The work index of reference ore was used to calculate the work index of the test ore using Gaudin Schuman expression to obtain a work index of 14.16 Kwh/ton for test ore and it lies within the work index of 10-15.14 Kwh/ton for manganese ore stated in the literature and the energy expended to achieve communition at mineral liberation size was calculated to be 3.3984 Kw/ton.

Preliminary investigation for beneficiation of Indonesian manganese ore

n this study, manganese ore sample collected from Palludda village, Barru Regency, South Sulawesi Province, Indonesia was investigated. Processing is required to make the ore viable and profitable. The focus of this study is determining the distribution of the assay values among various sizes of manganese ore. On the other hand, to obtain information about its optimum size, which contains the main mineral in a large portion with a small portion of the gangue which consisted in the manganese ore, which defined as the liberation of its main mineral from the gangue. Size assay analysis of manganese ore is of prime importance through which much information can be obtained. The fractioning and chemical analysis are conducted to measure the assay of various minerals and also their distribution in different size fractions. It indicated that manganese and hematite are valuable mineral present, whereas Pb and Zn are the trace element compositions and the gangue mineral that present in the ore is silica. Based on the assay value of each size fraction of manganese ore showed that the maximum liberation of manganese mineral could be obtained at the size range of -20 to +48 mesh. Therefore, further investigation studies on this manganese ore are needed.

Rüdlingerite, Mn2+2V5+As5+O7·2H2O, a New Species Isostructural with Fianelite

The new mineral species rüdlingerite, ideally Mn2+2V5+As5+O7·2H2O, occurs in the Fianel mine, in Val Ferrera, Grisons, Switzerland, a small Alpine metamorphic Mn deposit. It is associated with ansermetite and Fe oxyhydroxide in thin fractures in Triassic dolomitic marbles. Rüdlingerite was also found in specimens recovered from the dump of the Valletta mine, Canosio, Cuneo, Piedmont, Italy, where it occurs together with massive braccoite and several other As- and V-rich phases in richly mineralized veins crossing the quartz-hematite ore. The new mineral displays at both localities yellow to orange, flattened elongated prismatic, euhedral crystals measuring up to 300 μm in length. Electron-microprobe analysis of rüdlingerite from Fianel gave (in wt%): MnO 36.84, FeO 0.06, As2O5, 25.32, V2O5 28.05, SiO2 0.13, H2Ocalc 9.51, total 99.91. On the basis of 9 O anions per formula unit, the chemical formula of rüdlingerite is Mn1.97(V5+1.17 As0.83Si0.01)Σ2.01O7·2H2O. The main diffraction lines are [dobs in Å (Iobs) hkl]: 3.048 (100) 022, 5.34 (80) 120, 2.730 (60) 231, 2.206 (60) 16-1, 7.28 (50) 020, 2.344 (50) 250, 6.88 (40) 110, and 2.452 (40) 320. Study of the crystal structure showcases a monoclinic unit cell, space group P21/n, with a = 7.8289(2) Å, b = 14.5673(4) Å, c = 6.7011(2) Å, β = 93.773(2)°, V = 762.58(4) Å3, Z = 4. The crystal structure has been solved and refined to R1 = 0.041 on the basis of 3784 reflections with Fo > 4σ(F). It shows Mn2+ hosted in chains of octahedra that are subparallel to [-101] and bound together by pairs of tetrahedra hosted by V5+ and As5+, building up a framework. Additional linkage is provided by hydrogen-bonding through H2O coordinating Mn2+ at the octahedra. One tetrahedrally coordinated site is dominated by V5+, T(1)(V0.88As0.12), corresponding to an observed site scattering of 24.20 electrons per site (eps), whereas the second site is strongly dominated by As5+,T(2)(As0.74V0.26), with, accordingly, a higher observed site scattering of 30.40 eps. The new mineral has been approved by the IMA-CNMNC and named for Gottfried Rüdlinger (born 1919), a pioneer in the 1960–1980s, in the search and study of the small minerals from the Alpine manganese mineral deposits of Grisons.

Anoxic photogeochemical oxidation of manganese carbonate yields manganese oxide

The oxidation states of manganese minerals in the geological record have been interpreted as proxies for the evolution of molecular oxygen in the Archean eon. Here we report that an Archean manganese mineral, rhodochrosite (MnCO3), can be photochemically oxidized by light under anoxic, abiotic conditions. Rhodochrosite has a calculated bandgap of about 5.4 eV, corresponding to light energy centering around 230 nm. Light at that wavelength would have been present on Earth’s surface in the Archean, prior to the formation of stratospheric ozone. We show experimentally that the photooxidation of rhodochrosite in suspension with light centered at 230 nm produced H2 gas and manganite (γ-MnOOH) with an apparent quantum yield of 1.37 × 10−3 moles hydrogen per moles incident photons. Our results suggest that manganese oxides could have formed abiotically on the surface in shallow waters and on continents during the Archean eon in the absence of molecular oxygen.

SYNTHESIS OF COPPER AND MANGANESE COMPLEXES WITH METHIONINE AND TRYPTOPHAN: ANALYSIS BY ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROPHOTOMETRY

Objective: In this study, we aimed to create complexes consisting of copper and manganese mineral elements and amino acids.Methods: We determined the mineral element levels both bound and in their free state using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The synthesizedcomplexes were characterized using infrared spectrophotometry, while the free and bound mineral contents were separated using ion exchangechromatography.Results: Our results demonstrated that the synthesis of such complexes was successful. The free mineral contents of the copper-methionine, coppertryptophan,and manganese-methionine complexes were 4.52, 6.53, and 0.056 mg/kg, respectively, while the bound mineral contents of the coppermethionine,copper-tryptophan, manganese-methionine, and manganese-tryptophan complexes were 96.885, 114.974, 57.778, and 49.624 mg/kg,respectively.Conclusion: The synthesis of copper and manganese complexes were successfully formed and analysis.Keywords: