EVALUACIÓN DE ESPECIES DE MOSCAS DE LA FRUTA Y SUS HOSPEDEROS EN LA ZONA DE SATIPO

Las plantas hospederas de mosca de la fruta fueron evaluados de los fundos de la zona de Satipo, en campo y laboratorio. Los resultados muestran que los cítricos están infestadas por Anastrepha fraterculus; mientras que los frutales nativos con otras especies de Anastrepha, como son A. striata, A. leptozona, y A. distincta. Se ha encontrado un díptero amarillo en el caimito que no pertenece a los tephritidae. Se tiene 19 frutales distintos hospederas, siendo los cítricos C. reticulata x C. aurantifolia, Citrus limettioides, Citrus aurantifolia, Citrus reticulata, Citrus reshni, Citrus sinensis, C. reticulata x C. sinensis, C. reticulata x C. paradisi; y los frutales nativos y exóticos, Chrysophillum caimito, Averrhoa carambola, Spondias sp., Psidium guajaba, Manguifera indica, Inga edulis Mart, Anacardiaceae y Matisia cordata. El uvo de monte, guayaba y caimito sufren un daño de entre 83 Y 100%. El zapote y pacae muestran daños de entre 66 a 53%. El mango y carambola muestran daños de 31 a 26%. En los cítricos, la naranja Washington muestra los niveles más altos de infestación con 45%,; las mandarinas entre 27 y 32%, las naranjas entre 14 y 22%, los híbridos entre 20 y 22%, los portainjertos entre 26 y 27%. Las pérdidas económicas provinciales del 14% por moscas de la fruta sólo en naranja Valencia se estima en U.S.$ 2,025,000,00. Palabras clave: Anastrepha, fraterculus, striata, cítricos, Satipo,

Enumeration of Citrus endophytic bacterial communities based on illumine metagenomics technique

Citrus is a valuable crop in Pakistan because it is rich in vitamin C and antioxidants. Huanglongbing (HLB) has an influence on citrus production around the world caused by a bacterium “ Candidatus liberibacter asiaticus ” (CLas), africanus and americanus. The structure and diversity of bacterial species in various ecosystems can be quickly examined using NGS. This approach is considerably quicker and more precise than outdated methods. Healthy or citrus greening infected leaf samples of Grapefruit, Citrus aurantifolia , and Citrus reticulata Blanco was used for diversity analysis. In this study high throughput, NGS technique was used to access the population of both cultivable and non-cultivable bacterial endophytes from citrus leaves, by using PCR amplicons of 16S rDNA sequences (V5–V7 regions) with Illumina Hi seq. As a result, a total number of 68,722 sequences were produced from the test samples. According to the NGS-based diversity classification, the most common genera of exploited bacterial endophytes were Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Bacteroides, Cyanobacteria, and Actinobacteria. Citrus aurantifolia and Citrus paradisi showed almost equal diversity, whereas Citrus reticulata Blanco had a higher proportion of Proteobacteria and Cyanobacteria in their leaves. To determine alpha diversity (AD), additional data was analyzed using statistical indices such as Shannon, Chao1, and Simpson. According to the inverse Simpson diversity index, the abundance of the microbial population in six different citrus samples was 0.48, 0.567, and 0.163, respectively. The metagenomics of microbiota in plant tissues was successfully recorded by NGS technology, which can help us learn more about the interactions between plants and microbes. This research is the first step toward a better understanding of 16SrRNA-based metagenomics from citrus in Pakistan using Illumina (Hi seq) Technology.

UJI EFEKTIVITAS AIR PERASAN JERUK NIPIS (Citrus aurantifolia (Christm.) Swingle)DALAM MENGHAMBAT PERTUMBUHAN JAMUR Candida albicans

Masalah yang sering terjadi di masyarakat adalah penyakit kandidiasis yang disebabkan oleh beberapa jamur salah satunya Candida albicans. Jeruk nipis (Citrus aurantifolia (Christm.) Swingle) merupakan tanaman obat yang tumbuh subur di negara Indonesia. Salah satu kandungan utama dari jeruk nipis (Citrus aurantifolia (Christm.) Swingle) adalah flavonoid yang memberikan berbagai macam aktivitas farmakologi sebagai antifungi, antibakteri dan antikanker. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efektivitas air perasan jeruk nipis, (Citrus aurantifolia (Christm.) Swingle) dalam menghambat pertumbuhan jamur Candida albicans. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah dengan cara dilusi padat yaitu dengan cara menanam biakan suspensi jamur Candida albican sebanyak 1 ml yang telah di sesuaikan kekeruhannya dengan larutan standar Mc Farland 0.5 pada media SDA (Sabouraud Agar Dexrose) dengan penambahan air perasan jeruk nipis sebanyak 2 ml dengan konsentrasi 125%, 150%, 175% dan 200%. Di inkubasi selama 2-3 hari pada 370C, dan diamati pertumbuhannya. Hasil dari pengamatan selama tiga hari menunjukan bahwa air perasan jeruk nipis tidak efektif dalam menghambat pertumbuhan jamur Candida albicans, meskipun pada konsentrasi 175% dan 200% pertumbuhan jamur pada hari pertama sangat sedikit, tetapi pada hari kedua dan ketiga masih ada perluasan pertumbuhan jamur Candida albicans.

Effect of citrus fruit (Citrus sinensis, Citrus limon and Citrus aurantifolia) rind essential oils on preservation of chicken meat artificially infected with bacteria

Essential oils (EOs) obtained from a wide variety of plants have become popular with increased scientific interest as potential natural agents for food preservation. Two concentrations of rind EOs (400 mg/ml and 200 mg/ml) from three species of citrus fruit; Citrus sinensis (Sweet orange), Citrus limon (Lemon), and Citrus aurantifolia (Lime) were used to treat fresh chicken meat inoculated with Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Salmonella typhi ATCC 20971 and Salmonella enterica ATCC 14028 to evaluate their protective abilities on bacteria-contaminated meat The EOs were extracted from the ground rinds by hydro-distillation. Alongside the EOs, sodium nitrate (NaNO3) was used as a positive control preservative. A viable count was carried out to determine the bacteria load reduction on the inoculated fresh chicken meat. After 24 hours of treatment, the results showed that the EOs had no adverse effect on the physical attributes of the meat: the color and smell of the chicken meat were unaltered compared with the negative control (None EO and NaNO3 treated meat) that showed evidence of putrefaction through color change and foul smell. The two- lime rind EOs concentrations used to treat the Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 inoculated meat reduced the viable count of the organism by 7.9 log compared to the Escherichia coli ATCC 25922-inoculated meat which received no rind EOs or NaNO3 treatment. Other results showed that sweet orange (SO) rind EOs (400 mg/ml and 200 mg/ml) treatment of meat inoculated with Salmonella enterica ATCC 14028 had similar but mild preservative effects as both treatments reduced the log of the bacteria by 1.1 and 0.8, respectively. In comparison with NaNO3, the EOs treatment had a significant (p<0.05) preservative effect on the bacteria-inoculated meats. Findings from this study, therefore, suggest that Citrus spp. rind EOs have good potential as natural preservative for chicken meat. However, notwithstanding the relative positive organoleptic results observed in this study, further investigations on the prolonged preservation effect of the EOs on the physical attributes of fresh chicken meat need to be undertaken.

Effect of Nutrient Management through Bio Organic Manures on Quality of Acid Lime (Citrus aurantifolia Swingle)

Acid lime (Citrus aurantifolia Swingle) is one of the commercial fruit crops which occupies important place in the fruit industry, but yield levels of citrus orchards are still very low. Alternate nutrient management system could help in achieving high yield and quality of acid lime. Thus, an investigation was undertaken on the “Effect of nutrient management through bio-organic manures on quality of acid lime (Citrus aurantifolia Swingle)” in the Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, Tamil Nadu, India during 2016 – 2018. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with twelve treatments, various organic manures, biofertilizers along with inorganic fertilizers including recommended dose of fertilization @ 100%, 75%, 50%, farm yard manure @ 100%, 50%, Vermicompost @ 100%, 50%, Biofertilizers ( 25g Azotobacter + 25g phosphate solubilising bacteria + 150g vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal) were applied. The quality characters of acid lime were studied at different stages. The observations recorded viz., plant height (m), canopy spread east-west (m), canopy spread north-south (m), canopy height (m), no. of leaves per canopy, leaf area (cm2). The results revealed that plants treated with of T8 -75% RDF + 50% FYM + 50% Vermicompost + Biofertilizers (25g Azotobacter + 25g PSB + 150g VAM) was observed maximum plant height (m), canopy spread east-west (m), canopy spread north-south (m), canopy height (m), no. of leaves per canopy, leaf area (cm2).

Insecticidas de bajo impacto ambiental para el control de Diaphorina citri Kuwayama, 1908 (Hemiptera: Liviidae) en limón mexicano (Citrus aurantifolia (Christm.) Swingle)

Se evaluaron insecticidas comerciales de bajo impacto ambiental para el control de Diaphorina citri en el cultivo de limón mexicano en el Valle de Apatzingán, Michoacán, México. Se utilizó un diseño completamente al azar con doce tratamientos (insecticidas) y diez repeticiones, la unidad experimental fue un árbol. La técnica para la recolección de datos en campo fue el “muestreo por golpeteo”. La toma de datos se realizó en premuestreo como punto de inicio y comparación y después se llevaron a cabo los muestreos a los 3, 6, 12, 20, 26, 35 y 41 días. Para el análisis de datos se empleó la prueba Post Hoc de homogeneidad de datos de las varianzas, ANDEVA y la prueba de comparación de medias de Tukey (P≤ 0,05). Se observó que el Tolfenpyrad, mantuvo una efectividad constante durante todos los muestreos, al reducir la población de psílidos en un 95,65 %. El Pyrifluquinazon al inicio disminuyó de 4,9 en pre muestro a 0,6 psílidos a los 3 días después de la aplicación, equivalente a un 87,75% de reducción. El Fenpyroximato, mostró ser un insecticida eficaz, al presentar un rango de reducción de la población de psílidos de 40,32 a 83,87% en todos los muestreos. Se concluye que, el Tolfenpyrad y el Fenpyroximato son moléculas químicas de nueva generación que evidencian una mortalidad de adultos del psílido alta, por lo que son una alternativa viable para el manejo de la plaga en la región del Valle de Apatzingán, Michoacán.

Substratos e sistemas de produção de porta enxerto de citrus em cultivo protegido

Para a produção de mudas de qualidade, é importante que se utilize substratos de boa qualidade física, química e biológica, fator primordial na produção de porta enxerto para mudas de citrus. No mercado, existem poucas marcas de substratos para produção de mudas de citrus, o que encarece o preço final da muda, dificultando o trabalho de pequenos viveiristas. Utilizando os substratos comerciais vermiculita e bioplant®, areia e terra em tubetes, e tratamento em canteiro convencional com solo+esterco bovino (3:1), em ambiente protegido, a pesquisa teve como objetivo avaliar emergência e o crescimento de plântulas do porta enxerto limão 'Galego' no sistema de formação em tubetes com diferentes substratos e no sistema convencional de canteiros. O sistema de canteiros com mistura solo+esterco bovino, em ambiente protegido, mostrou maior precocidade, maior eficiência e menor custo para produção de porta enxerto limão 'Galego' (Citrus aurantifolia Tanaca).