What Do We Know About the Genetic Architecture of Psychopathology?

In the second half of the twentieth century, twin and family studies established beyond a reasonable doubt that all forms of psychopathology are substantially heritable and highly polygenic. These conclusions were simultaneously an important theoretical advance and a difficult methodological obstacle, as it became clear that heritability is universal and undifferentiated across forms of psychopathology, and the radical polygenicity of genetic effects limits the biological insight provided by genetically informed studies at the phenotypic level. The paradigm-shifting revolution brought on by the Human Genome Project has recapitulated the great methodological promise and the profound theoretical difficulties of the twin study era. We review these issues using the rubric of genetic architecture, which we define as a search for specific genetic insight that adds to the general conclusion that psychopathology is heritable and polygenic. Although significant problems remain, we see many promising avenues for progress. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, Volume 18 is May 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Deteriorating human microbiome – An emerging global health challenge

The study of human microbiome and its relationship with health and disease is one of the most exciting areas of research in health all over the world, especially after the failure of human genome project to deliver its expected results. Our body is composed of 30 trillion human cells. But it is host to close to 100 trillion bacterial and fungal cells. 70 – 90% of all cells in our body are non human. They reside on every inch of our skin, in our nose, mouth, ears, in our oesophagus, stomach and most abundantly in our gut. They are not a random phenomenon but have co-evolved with us humans over millions of years. Collectively these bacteria weigh about 3 pounds. The more we read about research on microbiome or microbiota, the name given to all these friendly symbiotic partners, the more we get interested in their role in health and disease. According to Martin J. Blaser, director of the Human Microbiome Program, who has also served as the president of Infectious Disease Society of America, in his best seller ‘Missing Microbes' (1), “It is our microbiome that keeps us healthy and parts of it are disappearing. The reason for this disaster is all around us – overuse of antibiotics in humans and animals, caesarean sections and widespread use of sanitizers and antiseptics, to name just a few.”

A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW ON GENETICS AND ITS IMPACT ON HUMAN DISEASES

In 1866, when Mendel was carrying out his pea plant experiments in the monastery, nobody could predict what was to come. A genius whose ideas were appreciated after 34 years of their discovery, quite literally planted the seeds for the genetics that we’re familiar with, today. The important breakthrough was the completion of The Human Genome Project in 2003, which meant that scientists now had the genetic dictionary in their hands for an in-depth review of DNA and associated mutations. Eventually, the picture started to become clearer and our earlier speculation about the role of family history and environment in genetic disorders, now had concrete proof. The modern-day geneticist aims to identify, diagnose, and treat gene related conditions more efficiently than ever. This article surveys the different ways in which genetic disorders manifest themselves, their causative mutations, as well as early detection and treatment

BIOINFORMATICS APPROACHES TO UNDERSTAND GENE LOOPING IN THE HUMAN GENOME

This paper reviews up to date Bioinformatics Approaches to Understand Gene Looping in the Human Genome. Bioinformatics is used to study the sequences of biological molecules. It generally points out to genes, DNA, RNA, or protein, and is especially functional in analogizing genes and other protein sequences. You can believe in bioinformatics. Basically, the linguistics Bioinformatics uses computer programs for various applications, involving deliberate gene and protein functions. The beginning of the human genome project in 1990 and was completed in 2003. The Human Genome Project gave a prime improvement for the progress of bioinformatics. The (HGP) was organized by the National Institutes of Health and the U.S. Department of Energy. Without the interpretation given via bioinformatics, the information obtained from the HGP is not very functional. This page describes HGP bioinformatics research. Informatics is the formation, exploration, and function of databases. Main aim was to find the total set of human genes and make them available for more biological study and discover the total sequence of DNA bases in the human genome. A total and the correct sequence of the 3 billion DNA base pairs create the human genome and search all approximate 20,000 to 25,000 human genes. The genomes sequence of organisms that are main to medical research. To begin new tools to apply and inspect the data and to assemble this information broadly obtainable. DNA sequencing manufactures a sequence that is particularly a hundred bases long. Gene sequences manufacture thousands of bases. To study genes, small intersecting sequences set up long DNA sequences. Loops can clump associated genes into separate transcriptional axis chromatin from neighboring domains. Gene loops in yeast juxtapose promoter-terminator regions. Here we outline gene loops’ finding, the looping need proteins, and transcription by RNA polymerase II is by gen looping

BIJA, BIJABHAGA AND BIJABHAGA-AVAYAVA ASSOCIATED WITH ANUVANSHIKI

Ayurveda is one of the most ancient life sciences it is mentioned by acharyas that it is more ancient than man because it came earlier to earth. Being a life science there is description of how life came to origin, how to live life along with the description of various diseases under various disciplines. Here by Acharya Charak and Vriddha Vagbhatta- Bija, Bijabhaga and Bijabhaga-avayava is mention as three basic components of genetics, which are responsible for inheritance of various characteristics as well as for various diseases. The human genome project started in 1990 had aimed to identified human genetic coding of DNA, so that disease associated with genetic mutation or deletion can be prevented in their acute stage like cancer, leprosy, thalassemia, etc. In the same manner Acharyas also mention various diseases associated with bija, bijabhaga, bijabhaga-avayava dusti and transferred to next progeny. In this article we highlighted over the genetic defect of Secondary sexual development. Keywords: Bija, Bijabhaga, Bijabhaga-avayava, dusti, Shukra, Shonita, etc.

The prevalence of the Val66Met polymorphism in musicians: Possible evidence for compensatory neuroplasticity from a pilot study

The study compared the prevalence of the Val66Met Brain-derived Neurotrophic Factor single nucleotide polymorphism (rs6265) in a sample of musicians (N = 50) to an ethnically matched general population sample from the 1000 Human Genome Project (N = 424). Met-carriers of the polymorphism (Val/Met and Met/Met genotypes) are typically present in 25–30% of the general population and have associated deficits in motor learning and plasticity. Many studies have assessed the benefits of long-term music training for neuroplasticity and motor learning. This study takes a unique genetic approach investigating if the prevalence of the Val66Met BDNF polymorphism, which negatively affects motor learning, is significantly different in musicians from the general population. Our genotype and allele frequency analyses revealed that the distribution of the Val66Met polymorphism was not significantly different in musicians versus the general population (p = 0.6447 for genotype analysis and p = 0.8513 allele analysis). In the Musician sample (N = 50), the prevalence of the Val/Met genotype was 40% and the prevalence of the Met/Met genotype was 2%. In the 1000 Human Genome Project subset (N = 424), the prevalence of Val/Met was 33.25% and the Met/Met genotype prevalence was 4%. Therefore, musicians do exist with the Val66Met polymorphism and the characteristics of long-term music training may compensate for genetic predisposition to motor learning deficits. Since the polymorphism has significant implications for stroke rehabilitation, future studies may consider the implications of the polymorphism in music-based interventions such as Neurologic Music Therapy.