Structure of spherically symmetric objects: a study based on structure scalars

The aim of this paper is to explore the consequences of extra curvature terms mediated from f(R, T, Q) (where Q ≡ R μ ν T μ ν ) theory on the formation of scalar functions and their importance in the study of populations who are crowded with regular relativistic objects. For this purpose, we model our system comprising of non-rotating spherical geometry formed due to gravitation of locally anisotropic and radiating sources. After considering a particular f(R, T, Q) model, we form a peculiar relation among Misner-Sharp mass, tidal forces, and matter variables. Through structure scalars, we have modeled shear, Weyl, and expansion evolutions equations. The investigation for the causes of the irregular distribution of energy density is also performed with and without constant curvature conditions. It is deduced that our computed one of the f(R, T, Q) structure scalars (Y T ) has a vital role to play in understanding celestial mechanisms in which gravitational interactions cause singularities to emerge.

Young minds’ quest for regularity: Evidence from the Turkish causative

Children's remarkable ability to generalize beyond the input and the resulting overregularizations/ irregularizations provide a platform for a discussion of whether morphology learning uses analogy-based, rule-based, or statistical learning procedures. The present study, testing 115 children (aged 3 to 10) on an elicited production task, investigated the acquisition of the irregular distribution in the Turkish causative. Results showed that in early acquisition, to pin down the four causative suffixes, children engaged in comparisons between analogous exemplars. Thereafter to tackle the irregularity in two of the suffixes, children entertained competing hypotheses that yielded overregularizations and irregularizations. Overregularizations were instances of abstraction across the input based on type frequency; irregularizations were attempts to default to erroneous micro-generalizations. Negative correlation between errors and verb frequency suggested that recovery from errors was sensitive to token frequency. The overgeneralize-then-recover pattern that emerged in the acquisition of causative supported an integrated account of the roles of analogy, abstraction, and frequency in morphology learning.

First data on cetacean strandings and in situ observations along the Algerian coast

Data on cetaceans within the pelagic ecosystem remains scarce in the Algerian basin. This is linked to a lack of investigations stemming from the difficulty of quantitative population evaluation through oceanographic surveys and/or strandings statistics. In this context, we considered that it is appropriate to focus on data acquisition from offshore observations as well as setting up a network for monitoring strandings on sites scattered along the Algerian coast. During 10 oceanographic surveys conducted in two Algerian coasts sectors (eastern and central) we observed a total of 245 delphinids corresponding to 8 species that had an irregular distribution. We also identified 83 individuals belonging to five species that stranded between 2007 and 2017.

SENECA, QVAESTIONES NATVRALES 4B.4.2: AERIS OR TEMPORIS? REMARKS ON THE MEANING OF TEMPVS

In Quaestiones naturales 4b.4.2 Seneca states that in early spring the weather drastically changes: in the warmer sky larger water droplets are formed and cause rain. The description of this ‘greater change’ (maior inclinatio) is linked in the manuscript tradition to two different controversial readings, temporis and aeris, which are irregularly distributed. Most recent editors have printed the first reading, but H.M. Hine is probably right to accept aeris. A careful linguistic, stemmatic and stylistic examination shows that temporis is likely to be a Medieval Latin gloss of aeris: the equivalence of both words would be difficult to justify in Classical Latin, but in Late Latin and in Medieval Latin tempus developed a climatological meaning which is explicitly found in medieval writers and glossaries and is also very widespread in Romance languages. The presence of this gloss in the hyparchetype Ψ, which is ultimately the source for most medieval copies, accounts for the irregular distribution of both readings in the manuscript tradition; this hypothesis is particularly consistent with Hine's suggestion that Ψ probably had interlinear or marginal readings. This historical investigation on the meaning of tempus is also relevant to the end of the same passage, where stylistic and linguistic evidence supports the reading tepore rather than tempore.

Can Allotment Gardens (AGs) Be Considered an Example of Nature-Based Solutions (NBS) Based on the Use of Historical Green Infrastructure?

The term nature-based solutions (NBSs) is understood as a multidisciplinary umbrella concept that includes aspects such as green/blue infrastructure and urban gardens and forests. However, the important question here is what features of ecosystem-based approaches are essential for them to be considered nature-based? This study aims to answer this question by analysing the potential of allotment gardens (AGs) to be considered as NBSs. To do so, the possibilities and obstacles regarding a Polish case study were analysed based on the following six research questions: (1) How do AGs use blue and green infrastructure? (2) What problem(s) do AGs solve today? (3) What kind of benefits do AGs provide? (4) Do AGs possess implementation and management capabilities? (5) Can AGs be treated as economically efficient? (6) What are the advantages of AGs versus other possible solution(s)? With regards to obstacles, the study has identified: institutional barriers, irregular distribution of benefits, and deficiencies in economic efficiency. Nevertheless, AGs together with other historical urban green/blue infrastructure may be regarded as a kind of unsophisticated NBS, the effectiveness of which is limited. These solutions may be created as independent structures or (historical) green/blue infrastructure may be enlarged, fitted out, linked, and improved to implement NBS projects.

Biblical Quotations in the Novgorod First Chronicle

Biblical quotations are important narrative elements in all Old Russian chronicles. In the Vladimir and South Russian chronicles, they were one of the most important means of interpreting events from the point of view of the theory of “God’s executions,” of depicting and asserting princes as their main characters, and of expressing thoughts and feelings of the chroniclers and their characters. The Novgorod First Chronicle, which was kept by the chroniclers of the archbishops of Novgorod, stands out due to a small number of biblical quotations and their irregular distribution throughout the text. Most of the quotations appear in didactic comments of the chroniclers, often as a means to interpret natural disasters, invasions, military defeats, and urban events while they are scarce in the speech of the characters. Quotations are not included directly in descriptions as it is common in other chronicles. This reduction leads to the limitation of the functions of biblical quotations: mainly, quotes serve here to evaluate and explain the course of events, only occasionally helping to emotionally express the feelings of the chronicler and the characters. Quotations are often included without reference to the source, sometimes with an incorrect reference. As in other chronicles, the main source of quotations is the Psalter. The Old Testament books, including the prophetic ones, are also quoted, but their range is smaller than in other chronicles. The number of New Testament texts is small, but it increases in the chronicle of junior recension, which includes extensive plots with princes as main characters.

Dermoscopy of Juvenile Xanthogranuloma

<b><i>Background:</i></b> Dermoscopy is useful for the evaluation of juvenile xanthogranuloma (JXG). The classical “setting sun” pattern is characteristic of JXG, but its sensibility appears to be limited. An extensive description of other dermoscopic findings is not available in the literature. <b><i>Objectives:</i></b> The aim of this study was to valuate and describe the clinical and dermoscopic characteristics of a series of JXG cases. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> This is a retrospective descriptive study, including cases with histopathologic diagnosis of JXG, and the availability of clinical and dermoscopic images, assessed for the presence of dermoscopic features based on the available literature. <b><i>Results:</i></b> A total of 17 lesions were analyzed. 70.6% showed global symmetry, 35.3% presented the typical “setting sun” pattern. All lesions showed yellow-orange and/or pink-red structureless color. Other dermoscopic features were yellow globules (35.3%), shiny white streaks (23.5%), brown globules (17.6%), pale-brown network (11.8%), negative network (11.8%), erosion/ulceration (11.8%), rosettes (5.9%), and hemorrhage (5.9%). Scales were seen in 64.7% of patients. Vascular structures were observed in all the lesions, mostly in an irregular distribution (76.5%). The observed vessel types were dotted (52.9%), linear (52.9%), branching-arboriform (29.4%), comma-like (23.5%), hairpin-like (17.6%), globular (17.6%), coiled (11.8%), and milky-red globules (5.9%). <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> Symmetry, yellow/orange-pink/red color, yellow globules, shiny white streaks, and irregularly distributed different types of vascular structures are the main dermoscopic features of JXG. This is the largest dermoscopic registry of JXG published to date.

Рhotopic Negative Response for Testing the Function of Inner Retina: Registration Requirements and Comparison in the Eyes with Natural Pupil Width and in Conditions of Drug Mydriasis

Purpose: To evaluate the possibility of registration of the photopic negative response (PhNR) without pupil dilatation in healthy individuals to determine the dysfunction of neurons of the inner retina.Methods: 12 healthy persons (23 eyes) aged 24 to 40 years were examined. Refraction anomalies did not exceed 0.5 diopters. A PhNR was evaluated in photopic ERGs recorded on a blue background with red flashes of four intensities (0.375, 0.75, 1.5, 3.0 cd·s/m2) using the RETIport/scan21 (Roland Consult). First, ERG was recorded with the natural pupil (3.5 ± 0.2 mm). Then, the recording was repeated after drug mydriasis (average pupil size 8.7 ± 0.1 mm).Results. In eyes with natural pupil width, in comparison with drug mydriasis, PhNR amplitudes in responses to weakest stimuli (0.375 cd·s/m2) were significantly reduced. The effect of pupil size on the PhNR amplitude from a baseline was virtually absent in responses to higher strength flashes. This phenomenon can be associated with an irregular distribution of light over the retina with small pupil size, the effect of which is maximal in responses to weak flashes. For the maximal brightness stimuli (3.0 cd·s/m2), differences were found between groups of non-dilated and dilated pupils in the amplitudes of the b-wave and PhNR from the b-peak, which may reflect a decrease in the number of stimulated photoreceptors during ganzfeld stimulation when the pupil is not dilated.Conclusion. The effect of pupil size on the parameters of the PhNR was most significant in the ERG with minimal flash strength and it decreases in responses to flashes of higher brightness. If it is necessary to record the ERG without drug mydriasis, especially in screening studies, it is recommended to limit the protocol to estimate the PhNR from a baseline in responses to maximal flashes, and use the relative parameter — the amplitude ratio of PhNR/b. Keywords: photopic negative response, electroretinography, pupil width

Early Permian organogenic buildups within the Northern part of Timan-Pechora basin

Lower Permian organogenic buildups within the Northern part of Timan-Pechora basin are mounds-type structures. They are characterized by an extremely irregular distribution of reservoirs which are linked to facial zones and genetic features of the deposits. Two types of buildups were distinguished qualified as microbial and skeletal mounds formed by different paleo-communities of benthic organisms. The composition and textural-structural features of prevailing limestones within these buildups there is a key to understand the distribution of reservoirs within the area of study.