Vulvovaginal atrophy in postmenopausal women: diagnosis and modern-day treatments

Статья посвящена изучению современных методов диагностики и лечения доброкачественных заболеваний вульвы и влагалища у женщин постменопаузального возраста. Проведен анализ этиологии, клинической картины, методов диагностики и лечения вульвовагинальной атрофии как наиболее часто встречающегося доброкачественного заболевания вульвы и влагалища в постменопаузе. Установлено, что основной фактор, приводящий к вульвовагинальной атрофии, — климактерический гормональный дисбаланс с постепенно нарастающим дефицитом эстрогенов. Женщины в постменопаузе отмечают такие признаки вульвовагинальной атрофии, как сухость влагалища, жжение и зуд, диспареуния, повышенная чувствительность к инфекционным болезням органов малого таза, что существенно усугубляет плохое самочувствие и отрицательное влияние на общее и сексуальное качество жизни. Диагностика вульвовагинальной атрофии основывается на данных осмотра, лабораторных и инструментальных исследованиях. Основная терапевтическая цель при лечении вульвовагинальной атрофии – облегчение симптомов и восстановление среды влагалища до здорового пременопаузального состояния. Золотым стандартом лечения вульвовагинальной атрофии является местная и системная терапия эстрогенами. Препараты заместительной гормональной терапии содействуют увеличению пролиферативных процессов, улучшению кровоснабжения, стремительной нормализации микрофлоры влагалища и могут назначаться с лечебной и профилактической целью. Для лечения вульвовагинальной атрофии у женщин, которым противопоказаны препараты эстрогена, используют селективные модуляторы рецепторов эстрогена. Препараты этой группы – оспемифеном и ласофоксифен способствуют облегчению симптомов атрофии влагалища и диспареунии, улучшению вагинального эпителия и pH влагалища. Также при маловыраженных симптомах улучшение состояния наступает при использовании негормональных вагинальных лубрикантов. Кроме того, существуют экспериментальные варианты вульвовагинального омоложения у женщин с симптомами, которым не подходят или которые не переносят местной или системной терапии эстрогенами: инъекции богатой тромбоцитами плазмы, гиалуроновая кислота или жировые имплантаты, фракционный лазер на диоксиде углерода, диодный лазер и монополярные радиочастотные устройства, вагинопластика. The article is devoted to the study of modern methods of diagnosis and treatment of benign diseases of the vulva and vagina in postmenopausal women. The analysis of the etiology, clinical picture, methods of diagnosis and treatment of vulvovaginal atrophy, as the most common benign disease of the vulva and vagina in postmenopausal women, has been carried out. It has been established that the main factor leading to vulvovaginal atrophy in postmenopausal women is climacteric hormonal imbalance with a gradually increasing estrogen deficiency. Postmenopausal women note such signs of vulvovaginal atrophy as vaginal dryness, burning and itching, dyspareunia, hypersensitivity to infectious diseases of the pelvic organs, which significantly aggravates the state of health, a negative effect on the general and sexual quality of life. Diagnosis of vulvovaginal atrophy is based on examination data, laboratory and instrumental studies. The main therapeutic goal in the treatment of vulvovaginal atrophy is to relieve symptoms and restore the vaginal environment to a healthy premenopausal state. The «gold standard» for the treatment of vulvovaginal atrophy is local and systemic estrogen therapy. HRT drugs contribute to an increase in proliferative processes, an improvement in blood supply, a rapid normalization of the vaginal microflora and can be prescribed for therapeutic and prophylactic purposes. For the treatment of vulvovaginal atrophy in women for whom estrogen preparations are contraindicated, selective estrogen receptor modulators are used. The drugs in this group, ospemifen and lasofoxifene, help to alleviate the symptoms of vaginal atrophy and dyspareunia, improve vaginal epithelium and vaginal pH. Also, with mild symptoms, an improvement in the condition occurs with the use of non-hormonal vaginal lubricants. In addition, there are experimental options for vulvovaginal rejuvenation in women with symptoms that do not fit or tolerate local or systemic estrogen therapy: platelet-rich plasma injections, hyaluronic acid or fat implants, fractional carbon dioxide laser, diode laser and monopolar radiofrequency devices, vaginoplasty.

Hormonal Approach for Postmenopausal Vulvovaginal Atrophy

Menopause is a physiological and progressive phenomenon secondary to decreased ovarian follicular reserve that significantly affects the genital tract. Although postmenopausal vulvovaginal atrophy primarily affects postmenopausal women, it is also seen in premenopausal women. The hypoestrogenic condition results in hormonal and anatomical changes, with the main symptoms, are dryness, burning and genital irritation, decreased lubrication, urinary urgency, dysuria, and recurrent urinary tract infections. This review aims to update hormone therapy for urogenital atrophy, both local and systemic, and discusses the importance of understanding and the need for active treatment of this condition. The main therapeutic objective is the relief of symptoms, and hormonal therapy (HT) is still the most effective choice for treating clinical manifestations, despite the side effects of its use. HT should be used in an individualized way to the needs of the women and appropriate to the stage in which she is menopausal, perimenopausal, or after menopause.

Vulvar Craurosis due to Severe Genitourinary Syndrome of Menopause Complicated by Lichen Sclerosus: Two Case Reports and Literature Review

Background: Vulvovaginal atrophy affects approximately 45% of middle-aged women, as a result of decreased estrogen circulating levels and is often associated with vulvovaginal discomfort in menopausal patients. The spectrum of adverse consequences makes long-term treatment essential, not only for symptom relief, but also to avoid further complications. These symptoms can even be worsened if other vulvar conditions coexist, such as inflammatory dermatoses. Clinical presentation: We present two cases of patients with severe vulvar atrophy and craurosis, who required vulvo-vaginal opening associated with medical treatment. In both patients, we diagnosed severe genitourinary syndrome of menopause (GSM) complicated by vulvar lichen sclerosus, a very rare clinical situation. In case 1, the symptoms had progressed despite local estrogen treatment for vulvovaginal atrophy, and lichen wasn’t considered in previous check-ups. In contrast, patient nº 2 presented in the ER with impossibility to urinate and was then diagnosed and treated for underlying causes. Conclusions: GSM treatment should be a priority. The absence of improvement or progression of genital atrophy should alert the specialist to the coexistence of other vulvar pathologies.

Safety and efficacy of a new vaginal gel, Feminilove, for the treatment of symptoms associated with vaginal dryness and vulvovaginal atrophy in women: an in vitro and in vivo study

Vaginal dryness is a common condition that is particularly prevalent during and after the menopause and it is one of the most important symptoms associated with vulvovaginal atrophy/genitourinary syndrome of menopause. The impact of vaginal dryness on interpersonal relationships, quality of life, daily activities, and sexual function can be significant, but is frequently underreported and undertreated. Personal lubricants and moisturizers are effective at relieving discomfort and pain during sexual intercourse for women with mild to moderate vaginal dryness, particularly those who have a genuine contraindication to estrogen, or who choose not to use estrogen. We evaluated the safety and beneficial effects of a new type of estrogen-free vaginal gel, Feminilove BIO-FRESH moisturizing vaginal gel, using in vitro and in vivo experimental tools. Our results suggest that; 1) Feminilove vaginal gel exhibits minimal cell cytotoxicity on various human vaginal cells; 2) Feminilove vaginal gel exhibits minimal side-effects on the structure of vaginal mucosa stratum of experimental animals; 3) Feminiove vaginal gel inhibits the growth of pathogenic vaginal bacteria (E. coli) while promotes the growth of beneficial vaginal bacteria (Lactobacillus spp); 4) Feminilove vaginal gel elicits an anti-inflammatory response on vaginal epithelial cells; and 5) Feminilove vaginal gel promotes the production of tropoelastin and collagen on cultural vaginal smooth muscle and may restore loose vaginal wall (i.e., tightening effects). In summary, our results indicate that Feminilove BIO-FRESH moisturizing vaginal gel is a safe and effective remedy for the treatment of symptoms associated with vaginal dryness and vulvovaginal atrophy in women. Keyword: vaginal dryness, vulvovaginal atrophy, genitourinary syndrome of menopause, sexual dysfunction, vaginal lubrication, vaginal moisturizer