Quality of Services Based on Intelligent IoT WLAN MAC Protocol Dynamic Real-Time Applications in Smart Cities

The future directions and challenges for 6G-enabled wireless communication for IoT applications are mainly focused on quality of service (QoS). The selection criteria of mobility management (MM) protocol are mainly the total duration of the delay and packet loss rate during the MM procedure. This is called intelligent handover (IH) to designate a relay with a minimum delay. To solve the problem of handover, media access control (MAC) protocols are used to provide an intelligent protocol for QoS in real-time application in mobility. Moreover, changing the parameter to find the best protocol for mobile stations in WLAN is a good choice. This paper proposed a new QoS structure for the point coordination function that is based on a new intelligent enhanced distribution coordination function that suites with dynamic real-time applications and services. The paper addresses the distributed coordination function (DCF) with QoS-based intelligent mobility management in stations and other scenarios with enhanced distribution coordination function (EDCF) to find the result of throughput, retransmission attempts, delay, and data droop. In this paper, the remote topology comprises a few remote stations and one base station within the remote LAN. All remote stations are found that each station can distinguish a transmission from any other station, and there is portability within the proposed intelligent framework.

Overview of Puskesmas Leadership Understanding Coordination of Care Functions in Decline Non-Communicable Diseases (NCD) in the Work Area

The Description of the head of local government clinic leadership understanding through the coordination of healths ervice Function In Decreasing Non Communicable Diseases (NCD) In the Working Area. Non-communicable diseases (NCD) such as heart and blood vessel disease, Diabetes Mellitus (DM), chronic lung disease, cancer (especially cervical and breast cancer) are among the health concerns of national and global concerns. To reduce the number of NCD required first-level health facilities in this case is the Puskesmas that can be the implementation of gatekeeper concept with the strengthening of four primary function of primary services, one of which is the coordination function. Therefore, it is necessary for leaders of puskesmas who have a good understanding of the coordination of care function to decrease NCD. This study aims to determine the description of the leadership of the puskesmas through the coordination of health in the decrease of Non Communicable Diseases (NCD) in its working area. This study is a descriptive study with cross sectional design, with a total sample of 37 respondents. The data were collected using questionnaires that have been tested for validity and reliability. Measurement results can be grouped into 3 categories of knowledge; ie good (if score 76% -100%), enough (56-75%), and less (<= 55%). From the results of the study, all respondents (37 respondents) had a total score above 76%, it can be concluded that the leaders of Puskesmas in Palembang City have a good understanding about the function of health coordination service in decreasing NCD in their working area.

StegoFrameOrder—MAC Layer Covert Network Channel for Wireless IEEE 802.11 Networks

The proposed StegoFrameOrder (SFO) method enables the transmission of covert data in wireless computer networks exploiting non-deterministic algorithms of medium access (such as the distributed coordination function), especially in IEEE 802.11 networks. Such a covert channel enables the possibility of leaking crucial information outside secured network in a manner that is difficult to detect. The SFO method embeds hidden bits of information in the relative order of frames transmitted by wireless terminals operating on the same radio channel. The paper presents an idea of this covert channel, its implementation, and possible variants. The paper also discusses implementing the SFO method in a real environment and the experiments performed in the real-world scenario.

Functional Assessment and Coordination Characteristics of Production, Living, Ecological Function—A Case Study of Henan Province, China

Multifunctional state assessment was the basis of time sequence design of territory spatial development and overall utilisation. This study aimed to identify the ecological-production-living (PLE) territory spatial function to provide a basis for territory spatial planning. It took Henan Province as the research area. This study developed a methodology to assess differentiation characteristics for PLE function, a method that integrates functional merging and geographic information technology. We used the coordination degree model and spatial autocorrelation analysis to reveal the coordination of spatial functions of the province. The results were as follows: (1) During the study period, the land production function of main grain-producing areas decreased slowly, and production and living function values of the Central Plains urban agglomeration with Zhengzhou as the centre were in an upward trend. The characteristics of urban-rural dualization were prominent, and ecological function value decreased year by year. (2) The laws of territorial spatial functions had different manifestations in different stages (1990–2005 and 2005–2018). By different characteristic laws, the change in production function in the later period was bigger than that in the previous period. The living function maintained a good continuity expansion characteristic before and after. The spatial regularity distribution characteristics of ecological function were weak, and the overall environment became worse than before. (3) The territory space of middle and low coordination function types was the most important type, and the aggregation was relatively weak. Xuchang County and Weihui City showed better states of functional coordination aggregation. Lushi County, Xinxian County, and Shangcheng County, which were in the western and southern mountainous and hilly areas, showed low-low aggregation characteristics. Thus, the government will strengthen targeted control over territorial space. This study provides a reference for the overall deployment of the development and utilisation of territory space in Henan Province.

Statistics in the Service of Science: Don't let the Tail Wag the Dog

Statistical modeling is generally meant to describe patterns in data in service of the broader scientific goal of developing theories to explain those patterns. Statistical models support meaningful inferences when models are built so as to align parameters of the model with potential causal mechanisms and how they manifest in data. When statistical models are instead based on assumptions chosen by default, Attempts to draw inferences can be uninformative or even paradoxical—in essence, the tail is trying to wag the dog.These issues are illustrated by van Doorn et al. (in press) in the context of using BayesFactors to identify effects and interactions in linear mixed models. We show that the problems identified in their applications can be circumvented by using priors over inherently meaningful units instead of default priors on standardized scales. This case study illustrates how researchers must directly engage with a number of substantive issues in order to support meaningful inferences, of which we highlight two: The first is the problem of coordination, which requires a researcher to specify how the theoretical constructs postulated by a model are functionally related to observable variables. The second is the problem of generalization, which requires a researcher to consider how a model may represent theoretical constructs shared across similar but non-identical situations, along with the fact that model comparison metrics like Bayes Factors do not directly address this form of generalization. For statistical modeling to serve the goals of science, models cannot be based on default assumptions, but should instead be based on an understanding of their coordination function and on how they represent causal mechanisms that may be expected to generalize to other related scenarios.

Institutional Systems In Planning And Strategy For Oyster Mushroom Business Development

The development of oyster mushroom business has not been able to meet the increasing consumer demand both in terms of quality and quantity. This happened because of limited funds and application of technology, limited skilled workers, and institutional optimization. Therefore the study aims to analyze: factors that affect the weak coordination function, and Strategic programs in the development of oyster mushroom business. The study was conducted in Enrekang District, South Sulawesi Province. Data were collected by descriptive research through an expert system approach using survey methods. Interpretative Structural Modeling (ISM) used to analyze a strategic program in the development of the oyster mushroom business. The results showed that, Factors causing the weak coordination function in the planning and development of oyster mushroom businesses are Weak formation/training, Institutional disengagement from the start, and Weak Organizing; More strategic programs in planning and developing the oyster mushroom business are Provision/access to capital resources, Oyster Mushroom Price Guarantee, Increasing farmers’ knowledge and skills, and Effectiveness of counseling in the field.

FUNGSI KOORDINASI TERHADAP PELAKSANAAN PEMERINTAH DI KECAMATAN WATANG SIDENRENG KABUPATEN SIDENRENG RAPPANG

This study aimed to determine the effect of the coordination function on the implementation of government in Watang Sidenreng District, Sidenreng Rappang Regency. The population in this study were 31 sub-district office apparatus and the head of the Watang Sidenreng sub-district environment, the sampling period used was saturated sampling (census) with the technique of determining the sample if all population members were used as a sample of 31 people, this study used a Quantitative Descriptive Method. Data collection techniques are used through observation, interviews, questionnaires, and library research. The data analysis techniques used are Descriptive Statistics, Data Quality Test, using the Frequency Table and Likert Scale. The results of this study showed that the influence of the Coordination Function Against Government Implementation in Watang Sidenreng District with a value of 61.41% is categorized as "not good". the factors that influenced the Coordination with the accumulated results of 63.31% or categorized as "Less Influential". So that the Coordination Function Against the Implementation of Government in Watang Sidenreng District, Sidenreng Rappang Regency with 60% results with the percentage "not good".

Performance Analysis of Synchronous Multi-Radio Multi-Link MAC Protocols in IEEE 802.11be Extremely High Throughput WLANs

The representative media access control (MAC) mechanism of IEEE 802.11 is a distributed coordination function (DCF), which operates based on carrier-sense multiple access with collision avoidance (CSMA/CA) with binary exponential backoff. The next amendment of IEEE 802.11 being developed for future Wi-Fi by the task group-be is called IEEE 802.11be, where the multi-link operation is mainly discussed when it comes to MAC layer operation. The multi-link operation discussed in IEEE 802.11be allows multi-link devices to establish multiple links and operate them simultaneously. Since the medium access on a link may affect the other links, and the conventional MAC mechanism has just taken account of a single link, the DCF should be used after careful consideration for multi-link operation. In this paper, we summarize the DCFs being reviewed to support the multi-radio multi-link operation in IEEE 802.11be and analyze their performance using the Markov chain model. Throughout the extensive performance evaluation, we summarize each MAC protocol’s pros and cons and discuss essential findings of the candidate MAC protocols.