Basic Concept of Cell: A Narrative Review

All body functions depend on cell integrity. Therefore, understanding cell biology is intrinsically important for understanding disease. A vast amount of information reveals how the cell behaves like an organism with many social cells. At the heart of cell biology is cell communication—how messages originate and are transmitted, received, interpreted, and used by cells. This efficient communication between, and within the cell maintains the function of the cell and its specialization. Intercellular signals enable each cell to determine its position and specific role. Cells must demonstrate a "chemical preference" for other cells and the environment that surrounds them to maintain the integrity of the whole organism. When they no longer tolerate this preference, the conversation ends and the cell adapts (sometimes changes in function) or becomes vulnerable to isolation, injury, illness, or even death. This review explains the function of each component in the cell and its role in life.

Job Analysis for Air Traffic Control

This article presents a review and categorization of job analyses on the role of air traffic controllers (ATCO). There are three parts – how the role has been conceptualized, why it was conceptualized in this manner, and what we can conclude from developments in ATCO job analysis. The article includes a history of job analysis in air traffic control and two tables summarizing task and worker analyses. A large amount of information is available on tasks and attributes and we conclude that ATCO job analyses have been carried out in a varied and disunited manner. While there is no universally accepted analysis for the role of ATCO, previous analyses could nonetheless be used as a foundation for future analytic work.

The uniqueness of twin loss and grief

Loss of a twin unexpectedly in adulthood can leave the remaining twin feeling lost, devastated, and empty. The surviving twin can question the normalcy of these feelings and their response to the grief experience as compared to other losses. A literature review on adult twin loss followed by a review on sibling loss produced a sparse amount of information relevant to my questions. Both reviews centered around losses in childhood with little evidence of support for losses during adulthood. Guidance to assist with coping after this type of loss did not reveal specific coping strategies for the twinless twin. The coping strategies identified may be valuable for any person in their grieving process. The unique loss may benefit from future research on the most effective coping strategies. Grief therapists need further resources specific to singleton grief. Further research and clinical work would improve grief experiences during adult twin loss.

𝑯𝑵- Entropy: A New Measureof Information And Its Properties

Entropy measures the amount of uncertainty and dispersion of an unknown or random quantity, this concept introduced at first by Shannon (1948), it is important for studies in many areas. Like, information theory: entropy measures the amount of information in each message received, physics: entropy is the basic concept that measures the disorder of the thermodynamical system, and others. Then, in this paper, we introduce an alternative measure of entropy, called 𝐻𝑁- entropy, unlike Shannon entropy, this proposed measure of order α and β is more flexible than Shannon. Then, the cumulative residual 𝐻𝑁- entropy, cumulative 𝐻𝑁- entropy, and weighted version have been introduced. Finally, comparison between Shannon entropy and 𝐻𝑁- entropy and numerical results have been introduced.

Self-Directed Learning for the Knowledge Worker

Learning is an increasingly critical function for every individual as we race into a technological and global advanced society. Consider that with advances in technology the amount of information we can obtain has grown, our workdays have expanded, and our work expectations are boundaryless. Now, more so than ever, individuals who want to be competitive must choose to continue learning. Not just gathering information but learning such that they are obtaining key information and can measure their own learning success. With this awareness, self-directed learning becomes a critical skill for all individuals in all life roles. The chapter will define self-directed learning, discuss relevant theories, present two self-assessment learning tools, and finally, offer a model for application.

Personalization of Multi-day Round Trip Itineraries According to Travelers’ Preferences

Travel planning is a long and tedious process for tourists since it requires processing a vast amount of information. Recommender systems can be used to facilitate the process of scoring points-of-interests (POIs) according to the travelers’ interests and creating feasible itineraries. However, itinerary planning is personal and each itinerary created must reflect the interest of the traveler as well as his/her travel style. In this paper, we extend the creation of multi-day round trip itineraries by adding different personalization options such as the pace of the traveler and diversity level of the route. The information about the travel style of the user is used to personalize the visiting duration of each POI and to create routes for each day that follow the constraints defined by users. We conducted a user study through a mobile application and the results show that the added personalization options improved the recommended multi-day round trip walking tours from a user’s perspective.

Types of smart systems and their application in power grids

With the development of modern technologies, opportunities for an exchange of the increasing amount of information at ever higher speeds are created. The use of smart systems in electric power engineering creates conditions for improving the systems for monitoring, archiving, analysis and management. It is necessary to collect the basic information about the emergency modes automatically for analysis of the operation of the equipment and the parameters of the regimes in the power grids. The main questions to be decided are: what type of information is needed, how to use this information and at what are the different access levels, what should be the systems - local or global, how to exchange data. Smart systems for power grids and switchgears have been developed on a modular basis by almost all global manufacturers, as well as by many companies on individual assignments. The publication discusses the existing types of smart systems and the data they process. Suggestions have been made for the volume and structure of data that are needed for the analysis process.

Design of a Parallel and Scalable Crawler for the Hidden Web

The WWW contains huge amount of information from different areas. This information may be present virtually in the form of web pages, media, articles (research journals / magazine), blogs etc. A major portion of the information is present in web databases that can be retrieved by raising queries at the interface offered by the specific database and is thus called the Hidden Web. An important issue is to efficiently retrieve and provide access to this enormous amount of information through crawling. In this paper, we present the architecture of a parallel crawler for the Hidden Web that avoids download overlaps by following a domain-specific approach. The experimental results further show that the proposed parallel Hidden web crawler (PSHWC), not only effectively but also efficiently extracts and download the contents in the Hidden web databases

Content-Based Recommendations for Crags and Climbing Routes

Climbing is a popular sport for active tourists and recreational sportsmen. Alpine climbing areas, such as the Alps, can attract tourists from all over the world. Various websites, mobile applications, and books are used by climbers to obtain information on important aspects of the available climbing routes, including their properties, location, and especially their difficulty. Considering this large amount of information and options, it is in reality difficult for climbers to properly select which routes to climb. Hence, we propose recommendation technologies aimed at supporting climbers in this decision task. The developed system prototype constructs a climber’s profile with preferences derived from climber’s logbook data collected by a mobile app. Then, the system can recommend suitable crags and climbing routes within the selected crags. The designed interface and the basic computational models for such a system prototype are presented. The proposed technology aims at complementing existing electronic climbing guidebooks and providing decision support to climbers.

Statistical and Computational Needs for Big Data Challenges

The traditional way of formatting information from transactional systems to make them available for “statistical processing” does not work in a situation where data is arriving in huge volumes from diverse sources, and where even the formats could be changing. Faced with this volume and diversification, it is essential to develop techniques to make best use of all of these stocks in order to extract the maximum amount of information and knowledge. Traditional analysis methods have been based largely on the assumption that statisticians can work with data within the confines of their own computing environment. But the growth of the amounts of data is changing that paradigm, especially which ride of the progress in computational data analysis. This chapter builds upon sources but also goes further in the examination to answer this question: What needs to be done in this area to deal with big data challenges?