Pathophysiology of Hypertension

Dr Irvine Page proposed the Mosaic Theory of Hypertension in the 1940s advocating that hypertension is the result of many factors that interact to raise blood pressure and cause end-organ damage. Over the years, Dr Page modified his paradigm, and new concepts regarding oxidative stress, inflammation, genetics, sodium homeostasis, and the microbiome have arisen that allow further refinements of the Mosaic Theory. A constant feature of this approach to understanding hypertension is that the various nodes are interdependent and that these almost certainly vary between experimental models and between individuals with hypertension. This review discusses these new concepts and provides an introduction to other reviews in this compendium of Circulation Research .

Pharmacotherapy of hypotension in children and adults: medications that raise blood pressure

Arterial hypotension syndrome is inherent in a number of organic and functional diseases. Different causes of hypotension determine the spectrum of medicines used to increase blood pressure. Hypotension can cause fatigue and dizziness, but the necessary exercise programs can be sufficient to normalize the condition without the intervention of drug therapy. In children and adolescents, primary arterial hypotension develops against the background of vegetative-vascular dystonia syndrome with vagotonia-specific clinical symptomatology. It can take an unstable reversible course. The article presents drug-free modalities of the treatment of hypotension and examines medicines that raise blood pressure. Medications of this group are used both in shock states of various genesis and collapses, and in arterial hypotension, allergic reactions, especially accompanied by low blood pressure, and in bronchial asthma. The choice of drugs is determined, first of all, according to the nosological form, the state of basic myocardial functions (contractility, excitability, and automatism), intensity of adverse reactions, presence of concomitant diseases, and functional state of excretion organs.

Conclusion

Recent studies of emotion regulation show that reappraisal modulates emotion more effectively than suppression, which can impair memory, raise blood pressure, and inhibit social interactions. Lisa Feldman Barrett and her colleagues offer an alternate psychological construction model of emotion regulation in which emotions shift as ongoing sensations are compared to different patterns of past sensory activity. All of these scientific studies indicate that emotion and emotion regulation involve the same neural processes and that emotion is best understood as occurring within a human self, not in opposition to a self that is separate from the emotions. Metaphors of darkness, paralysis, filth, and foul smells will likely lead to suppression rather than reappraisal because they encourage self-censorship. Emotion metaphors need to catch up with science, since they can drive people to stifle emotions that reassure people of their human value.