Fertility and Household Welfare in Nigeria: A Time Series Econometric Approach

This study examines the effect of fertility levels on household welfare in Nigeria during the period from 1980 to 2020. Using data from the World Development Indicators for 2021, the estimation process began with a unit root test for the stationarity of the variables. A bounds cointegration test showed the presence of a long-run relationship between household consumption expenditure and fertility, but the result was inconclusive when real GDP per capita was used as a welfare proxy. The ARDL model was employed and the results showed that fertility had a negative, significant effect on household consumption per capita only in the short run. The effect was from previous years thereby showing a lagged effect. However, when welfare is measured using real GDP per capita, there were both short-run and long-run effects, such that Kuznets’ hypothesis of an inverted U-shaped relationship was obtained in the short run. In the long run, however, the relationship becomes U-shaped, implying that there is the possibility of a demographic dividend in the long run. Fertility policies must endeavor to control for the immediate or short-run negative effects of rising fertility rates and make deliberate plans to engage the future large working population in order to reap the possible demographic dividend.

OPTIMALISASI PEMANFAATAN MARKETPLACE SEBAGAI SARANA BELANJA DAN BERJUALAN ONLINE PADA KELOMPOK IBU RUMAH TANGGA DI PERDESAAN

The COVID-19 pandemic that is hitting Indonesia nowadays changes people’s habits. Community mobility was limited made people chose to do their activities by virtual meeting. One of the changings is online buying and selling and online transaction. Rural communities also affected by the pandemic, but unfortunately the group of housewives in Kedungsari Village, Kemlagi District, Mojokerto Regency still didn’t have good knowledge about online shopping and didn’t have the ability to use the marketplace as a media for selling. Whereas Kemlagi District has enormous economic potential. Based in this phenomenon, people of Kedungsari Village, Kemlagi District, Mojokerto Regency need education about the importance of knowledge about online shopping, and the use of marketplaces as a practical and easy media for online selling to improve their household welfare. The achievement of this community service is that housewives able to create an email account and marketplace account, housewives able to do transaction and how to take products photos, as well as selecting and choosing the Agraprana ambassador as online shopping ambassador. The ambassador has responsibilities to be the consultant for the group of housewives. By participating this training, the housewives can create their own business to increase their household income.Keywords: Marketplace, Housewives, Online Shopping, Online SellingAbstrakPandemik COVID-19 yang melanda Indonesia dewasa ini, menyebabkan berubahnya kebiasaan masyarakat. Terbatasnya ruang gerak masyarakat menyebabkan masyarakat memilih melakukan kegiatan yang biasanya dilakukan secara tatap muka secara langsung menjadi virtual meeting. Salah satu kebiasaan masyarakat yang berubah adalah kegiatan jual beli dan transaksi yang dilakukan secara online. Masyarakat pedesaan juga turut merasakan dampak tersebut, namun pada kelompok ibu rumah tangga di Desa Kedungsari, Kecamatan Kemlagi, Kabupaten Mojokerto ditemukan bahwa mereka masih belum memiliki pengetahuan yang baik mengenai belanja secara daring dan belum memiliki kemampuan dalam memanfaatkan marketplace sebagai media penjualan. Padahal Kecamatan kemlagi memiliki potensi ekonomi yang sangat besar. Berdasarkan fenomena tersebut, masyarakat Desa Kedungsari, Kecamatan Kemlagi, Kabupaten Mojokerto memerlukan edukasi mengenai pentingnya pengetahuan mengenai belanja online, dan pemanfaatan marketplace sebagai media berjualan online yang praktis dan mudah, guna meningkatkan kesejahteraan dalam rumah tangga. Pencapaian dari kegiatan pengabdian masyarakat ini adalah para ibu rumah tangga mampu membuat akun e-mail, akun marketplace, cara bertransaksi, dan cara mengambil foto produk, serta pemilihan duta Agraprana sebagai duta belanja online untuk menjadi wadah bertanya bagi ibu-ibu yang lain. Dengan mengikuti pelatihan ini ibu-ibu rumah tangga dapat menciptakan bisnis mereka sendiri untuk menambah pemasukan rumah tangga.Kata Kunci: Marketplace, Ibu Rumah Tangga, Belanja Online, Berjualan Online.