Colonial Internationalism and the Governmentality of Empire, 1893–1982

In 1893, a group of colonial officials from thirteen countries abandoned their imperial rivalry and established the International Colonial Institute (ICI), which became the world's most important colonial think tank of the twentieth century. Through the lens of the ICI, Florian Wagner argues that this international cooperation reshaped colonialism as a transimperial and governmental policy. The book demonstrates that the ICI's strategy of using indigenous institutions and customary laws to encourage colonial development served to maintain colonial rule even beyond the official end of empires. By selectively choosing loyalists among the colonized to participate in the ICI, it increased their autonomy while equally delegitimizing more radical claims for independence. The book presents a detailed study of the ICI's creation, the transcolonial activities of its prominent members, its interactions with the League of Nations and fascist governments, and its role in laying the groundwork for the structural and discursive dependence of the Global South after 1945.

Impact of the Economic Impact Payments on Consumer Spending:\\ Analysis on a Granular Level of American Counties

This paper draws on weekly consumer spending data collected by American private companies to analyze the impact of the Economic Impact Payments on consumer spending in American counties. We use regression discontinuity design to quantify the causal effect of the Stimulus Checks on spending and use heterogeneity in economic and demographic factors to determine which groups of counties increased their spending the most, to see what factors affected the Stimulus Checks’ effectiveness. We then use the observed difference in impact across groups of counties to discuss whether the Stimulus Checks were the optimal governmental policy in the crisis and discuss the effectiveness of one-time transfer payments in future recessions.

Learning from the COVID-19 pandemic to combat climate change: comparing drivers of individual action in global crises

The COVID-19 pandemic and climate change are two global crises that require collective action. Yet, the inertia typically associated with behavior change to limit climate change stands in contrast to the speed associated with behavior change to stop the spread of COVID-19. Identifying the roots of these differences can help us stimulate climate-friendly behaviors. We assessed the extent to which a number of theory-based drivers underlie behaviors aiming to counter COVID-19 and climate change with an online survey (N = 534). We focused on the role of a number of drivers derived from prominent behavior change theories and meta-analyses in the field, namely, personal threat, threat to close others, threat to vulnerable others, fear, participative efficacy, injunctive and descriptive social norms, and governmental policy perceptions. We investigated (1) what drivers people perceived as most important to engage in behaviors that limit the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic and climate change and (2) the strength of the associations between these drivers and engaging in behaviors that limit the spread of the pandemic and climate change. Results highlight three key drivers for climate change action: changing perceptions of governmental policy and perceptions of threat to close others and priming participative efficacy beliefs.

Blow hot and cold: Popular support for the no-concessions policy in terrorist hostage-takings

Governmental responses to the frequently occurring terrorist hostage-takings, in which authorities must weigh the lives of the hostages against the lives of potential future victims, depend on popular support for governmental policy. Despite this, little is known about how people form their judgement of governmental policies in this moral dilemma. We argue that people typically have incomplete information and their policy support for concessions can be substantially altered by changing the information they receive about different consequences. Across three studies (overall N = 1,547) employing both qualitative and quantitative methods, we found that (a) people show lower support for concessions when they have incomplete information, (b) providing information on the benefits of concessions increases support for concessions, (c) support for concessions under full information increases when the benefits outweigh the costs and when a norm prescribes concessions. The potential implications for policymaking are discussed.

Respon Pemerintah dan Pengusaha Lokal dalam Menangani Masalah “Zero-Dollar Tourist” Cina di Bali

In 2017, Bali visited by 1.3 million Chinese tourist. This great number positively appreciated for the local socio-economic benefit. However, unfortunately it led to serious concern because of the ‘zero-dollar tourist’ issue, the tourist that contributed nothing on the island as all payment cash, fee, and commissions went back to China. This article identifies the raise of Chinese tourist in Bali, the response of tourism stakeholders, and Governmental policy innovations to win the zero-dollar tourist. The data sourced from newspaper, research reports, interviews, and online article journals as well as online video. The results indicated that the visit of Chinese tourists in Bali, specifically before the pandemic Covid-19, was affected by the inter-government cooperation policies, aviation supplies, and tourism advertising. The high quantity visitors of Chinese tourist were responded positively, but the practice of zero-dollar tourist was caused the negatively point of view. The Bali Government shut the illegal Chinese-related souvenir shops down and encouraged travel agent to take Chinese tourist to shopped in locally-owned outlets.

Suicides from 2016 to 2020 in Finland and the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic

The COVID-19 pandemic has had negative mental health outcomes in populations, but the suicide numbers in Finland have remained unchanged compared with expected levels based on the pre-pandemic period. We included all deaths from suicide verified by the official cause-of-death investigations, including forensic autopsy with analysis of forensic toxicology samples, between 1 January 2016 and 31 December 2020 in Finland. There was a decline in suicide incidence from 2016 to 2020 in men, and a declining tendency in suicide rates for every consecutive month during the COVID-19 pandemic period. The COVID-19 governmental policy responses do not seem to have led to an increase in suicide numbers.

Updating the governmental control over oil production and refining in Russia

Subject. The article focuses on the governmental policy for the oil production and refining sector. Objectives. We analyze reasons for the emergence of market structures in oil production and refining, and the efficacy of competitive mechanisms implemented there. The article also evaluates the governmental policy for vertically integrated oil companies. Methods. The study is based on the comprehensive analysis of the history and consequences of market structures that emerged in the oil production and refining sector of Russia. Results. Based on the retrospective analysis of institutional changes in oil production and refining, we conclude on the existence of vertically integrated oil companies, which are sustainable over time. The fact such large companies emerged in the early 1990s is quite logic. During dramatic changes in economic relations, the emergence of companies, which together form the oil production and refining sector, could be considered acceptable and ensure the national security from economic and political perspectives. Unfortunately, the sector grew not only into the most considerable economic unit, which influence national income, but also a substantial agent in the governmental economic policy. Conclusions and Relevance. The persisting oligopolistic structure of the market affects the elasticity of the governmental economic policy. The implementation of competitive mechanisms in the respective market will have no positive effects. As a result of external and internal factors, vertically integrated oil companies demonstrate a notably stable response to any economic changes. They manage to offset their economic losses in the global market through increased prices in the domestic segment.