Obraz radzieckiego sportu w moskiewskiej „Trybunie Radzieckiej” w ujęciu ideologicznym i językowym (1927-1938)

The paper explores the relationships between sport and politics in the USRR in the interwar period. The aim of the paper is to show how ideology and propaganda were implemented in the Moscow newspaper „Trybuna Radziecka”. The article is divided into two parts. The first part describes how communists, through sports, exerted influence on Soviet people to encourage them to assume a desired attitude. In the second part sport vocabulary found in „Trybuna Radziecka” are presented (eg., the names of athletes, sports disciplines). Almost items are borrowed from the Russian language. Our research shows how citizens in the USRR were indoctrinated by the press in the interwar period, also in the field of sport.

Paradoxes of the 30s Soviet Discourse: From the Biblical Metaphor to the Ideology Representation of the Leader

The study first raised the question of using biblical metaphors in the process of establishing Soviet ideology and creating a cult of the leader of the Soviet people. Authors tested the story “Blizzard” by Georgian writer Shalva Dadiani in the context of Georgian cultural mentality and studied the ideology function of the biblical metaphor “The Pillar of Light” in the discourse of Georgian Soviet prose. An analysis of the text proved that in Georgian culture, the basic concepts-metaphors of Christian Doctrine were an effective weapon of Soviet propaganda. At Bible the “The Pillar of Fire”, “The Pillar of Cloud” and “The Pillar of Light” are theophany – the manifestations of the presence of the God. The biblical metaphor transformed into an ideology representation of the Soviet Leader and in the text of the Shalva Dadiani this is an allegory of the New Messiah – Stalin. As a result, with the help of biblical metaphors were formed a new ideological concept (the Soviet leader is the Messiah of the New Doctrine) and the new metaphorical model of Soviet reality. Thus, by transferring the basic values of the traditional Christian conceptual sphere to the Soviet ideological one, a new ideological concept is created and a new metaphorical model of Soviet reality is formed. This achieved a double goal: the inviolability of the Soviet ideologeme was confirmed on an emotional level, and at the same time the respect and trust in the Church that had been carried for many generations was undermined – it was transferred to the new teaching and its adherents.

The Problem of Memory Preservation and Identity Formation (on the Example of the Great Patriotic War Memory)

Significant events of the past have always been the most important aspects in the structuring of national memory. Obviously, they also become key elements in the formation of identity. Therefore, the use of various falsifications, distortions of history, and manipulations in this area seems to be quite logical in the framework of the ongoing information war. The devaluation and depersonalization of the Great Patriotic War memory, of the irreplaceable losses and sacrifices of the Soviet people, of exploits in the name of the Motherland and in the name of victory over fascism have crushing power, destroy the integration potential of the Soviet past, have a destructive effect on the formation of an identity that should be associated with the correct interpretation of the heroic role of the Soviet people. Pride in the past of one's country contributes to the formation of civic consciousness and a positive awareness of one's belonging. The roots of this perception are in the stories of eyewitnesses of those events, which are becoming less and less every year, in the process of socialization, in school history textbooks. In conditions of freedom of choice, with an ever-increasing virtual component of life, in which there are opportunities for the individual to immerse themselves in the format of a completely different socio-cultural space, with a different system of values and meanings, the global elite imposes new standards and determines the field of choice for modern youth. At the same time, our educational task is the preservation and reproduction of memory for future generations.

LITERARY REPRESENTATION OF FEAR IN EVERYDAY LIFE DISCOURSE OF 1930S SOVIET UKRAINE (OLENA |ZVYCHAINA’S NOVEL «FEAR»)

The article is devoted to fiction representation’s research influence of the fear’s, as part of the totalitarianism everyday practices 1930’s, on the creation «homo sovieticus» identity. The everyday history studies are important component of the memory and identity studies. The Ukrainian memory studies pay attention on the traumatic historical experience, while the west European scholars are fixed on the socio-cultural history of the everyday life. The benefit of this study is combine both research approaches. This provides an opportunity to explore social totalitarian everyday life from the view of the reconstruction outlook and identity of the «homo sovieticus». We used discourse-analysis’s methodology for this research, thethought about that our communication is reflection of our identity and the nature of social relations. As applied materials wechosen diaspora writers’ texts, the novel «The Fear» by Olena Zvychayna and memories by Dokiya Humenna and ValerianRevuc’ky. All these authors were witnessed Stalin’s repressions, and later they wrote about it. Olena Zvychayna described the fear as terrors’ instrument, which defined soviet peoples’ everyday life. For example, the practices of the night arrests. The thousands of people across the country were arrested between the first and third hours every night. Those systematic practices of intimidation became the part of the whole physical terror in 1930’. As a result, we can see «a faceless person» in fiction about that period. His main characteristics are depersonalization of personality, and unification of appearance according with sovieticus aesthetic. In contrast, fear is personified and has a face. Its connected with certain persons in collective imaginations of the soviet people, for example Stalin or Yezov, and otherі, who represented the totalitarianism system punitive practiceses of the system. The practice of collective meeting was another element Stalin’s intimidation tactic in the 1930’. The collective meetings were devoted to stigmatization particular persons with nonsovieticus outlook. As a consequence, it formation еру collective intimidation system. The aesthetics of pessimism and physical fall arosed in the everyday life of people in fear and was opposed to canons’ beauty and optimism tj socialist realism. Everyday life’s realistic showed many contrasts between normative aesthetic with the cult of the beautiful human body, optimistic socialism’s labor and gloomy totalitarian aesthetic. We can see some main oppositions in the novel «The Fear», such as: monumental forms collective life and man loneliness; mass Soviet celebrations and uncolored everyday life; party meeting with bravura marches and forbidden wedding in the church. At same time, the totalitarian reality’s aesthetic influenced on the personality’s moral degradation and value system of the person. As a result, it transformed soviet people in victim and executioner in one person. In conclusion we remark that the fears’ phenomenon was determinative in shaping «soviet man» Stalinist’s period. The systematic practices of intimidation formed the man depersonalized, identified with mass. Another definition such people – «faceless person». He or she needs appropriate aesthetic, which contrast with of the canon’s soviet realism aesthetic. The fear to stand out lays in the such Stalin’s system base.

The problem of the atheist education of the new man in communist cultural policy

The article analyzes the totalitarian communist anti-religious and anti-clerical rhetoric developed în the context of the utopian project of atheism of the Soviet people. It is shown that the process of asserting atheism in the Soviet space was a component of the monoideologized cultural policy subordinated to the program of training the new man. Along with the analysis of some official reference documents regarding the development of the activity of atheist education of the masses, the work of several researchers from the national space is elucidated who have become remarkable through their approaches to this subject: A.Babii, D.Tabacaru, M.Goldenberg etc.

Synthesis of Arts in Soviet Architecture: stages of development, main directions, causes of their occurrence

The history of the Soviet Union, its socio-economic, socio-political and socio-cultural life is unique in comparison with other countries. The USSR was created on the model of social development, expressed by European and Russian Utopian socialists and was grounded in the classics of Marxism-Leninism. So, the system of government, economic conditions and cultural activities of a society built on the hegemony of the proletariat was a long-running social experiment that conditioned the life of the Soviet people and influenced other countries as well. The experiment of a country with total state property envisaged that the party leadership assumed responsibility for defining all spheres of political life - both internal and interstate relations - and inevitably formed unified programs of cultural activity and social development, managed them, and financed and tightly controlled their implementation. The Soviet people, the so-called "working masses", were forced to live and act under uniform rules. Depending on the planning of the political, economic and social life of the party leadership throughout the existence of the USSR, the country went through several stages, which differed in the directions of forming an architectural and urban planning environment that had to meet the tasks of state and ideological character. Familiarizing yourself with this unique experience and finding the reasons for its formation is important for understanding the trends of social development in the twentieth century.

Hero of the Soviet Union A. V. Sidorov, a military topographer

Military topographers made a significant contribution to achieving the Victory of the Soviet people in the Great Patriotic War of 1941–1945. For their professionalism, bravery and courage, many of them were submitted to government awards, orders and medals. At war a topographer performs an important and responsible, though not as heroic and risky job as, for example, a pilot or a tanker. Therefore, until recently, it was believed that there were no military topographers among the servicemen honoured with the highest distinction, the title of the Hero of the Soviet Union. However, by now, when the archive documents of the Russian Federation Defense Ministry have been fully opened, it is possible to observe the way of our colleague, Alexander Vasilyevich Sidorov, who was assigned the title of the Hero of the Soviet Union in 1943. A. V. Sidorov started his career in 1930 as a civilian topographer of the Central Asian Geodetic Administration (Tashkent). Since 1932, in the Military Topographic Service of the Red Army

Soviet man as sociocultural type

The article examines the evolution of attitudes towards the psychological characteristics of the Soviet man in national socio-humanitarian science. The author shows that there are three positions on this issue. The first, dating back to the time when it was impossible to write about the negative qualities of the Soviet personality, is based on singling out exclusively its positive properties. The second, characteristic of the time when the “fashion for repentance” was relevant, consists in associating the Soviet person mainly with negative qualities. The third, more objective position, which has established itself in recent years, is that both positive and negative properties coexisted in Soviet people. The author draws a distinction between the early Soviet “tough” totalitarian regime and the late Soviet — “softened” one, demonstrating, in particular, that the split personality of the Soviet man in the late Soviet period was the output of that era. An attempt is made to single out the subtypes of the late Soviet man, covering such categories as “faithful”, “cosmopolitan” and “detached”, the relationship between which served as a psychological basis for what happened during our reforms.